{"id":43,"date":"2023-04-21T09:57:19","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T01:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wocun.org\/?p=43"},"modified":"2023-04-25T14:57:20","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T06:57:20","slug":"%e6%b5%99%e6%b1%9f%e5%a4%a9%e4%b8%bb%e6%95%99%e5%8f%b2%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e4%ba%8c%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.zjcatholic.org\/?p=43","title":{"rendered":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53f2\u7565\uff08\u4e8c\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0<\/strong>   \u6559<\/strong> \u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6559\u533a\uff0c\u662f\u4e3b\u6559\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u6559\u52a1\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u3002\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u6240\u5728\u6559\u5802\u79f0\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u3002\u4e3b\u6559\u5e9c\u662f\u4e3b\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u8d77\u5c45\u548c\u529e\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\u7528\u623f\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7267\u7075\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u53ef\u8bbe\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u52a9\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u4e3b\u6559\u4ee3\u8868\u7b49\u3002\u4e0b\u8bbe\u603b\u5802\u533a(\u603b\u94ce\u533a)\u3001\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u603b\u94ce\u533a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6559\u533a\u6d3e\u51fa\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8bbe\u603b\u94ce(\u4e60\u79f0\u603b\u672c\u5802)1\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5bf9\u6240\u5c5e\u5404\u672c\u5802\u533a\u7684\u6559\u52a1\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u7763\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u6307\u6cd5\u5b9a\u9a7b\u5b88\u795e\u7236\u7684\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u6559\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7ba1\u7406\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6559\u52a1\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3a\u9996\u8005\u4e60\u79f0\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236(\u7b80\u79f0\u672c\u5802)\uff0c\u4f59\u79f0\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u59d4\u4efb\u3002\u795e\u7236\u4ea6\u79f0\u53f8\u94ce\u3002\u672c\u5802\u533a\u662f\u6559\u533a\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5728\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bbe\u6709\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081946\uff09\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f20\u6559\u533a\u4f53\u5236\u201d(\u5373\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u533a)\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6539\u4e3a\u5723\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u7701\u3001\u533a\u57df\u5212\u4e3a20\u4e2a\u6559\u7701\uff0c\u4e0b\u8bbe\u603b\u4e3b\u6559\u533a\u3001\u4e3b\u6559\u533a\u3001\u76d1\u7267\u533a\u7b49\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u7edf\u79f0\u6559\u533a\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u5177\u4f53\u6539\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282  \u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u7701<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001\u6cbf\u9769<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e00) \u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081611\uff09\u81f3\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081696\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u96b6\u5c5e\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a1\u3001\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081611\uff09\u81f3\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081658\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5168\u5c5e\u6fb3\u95e8\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e07\u5386\u56db\u5e74\uff081576\uff091\u670823\u65e5\u30022\u3001\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081658\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5c5e\u5357\u4eac\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e8c) \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081696\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u7531\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7c4d\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u5e0c\u4f2f\u7984\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u56db\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081705\uff09\uff0c\u5b5f\u65b9\u6d4e\u7ee7\u4efb\uff1b\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081706\uff09\uff0c\u4f55\u7eb3\u7b03\u7ee7\u4efb\uff1b\u56db\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081708\uff09\uff0c\u96f7\u767d\u6d6a\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u7f72\u7406\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081710\uff09\u81f3\u9053\u5149\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081838\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5212\u5f52\u798f\u5efa\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e09) \u9053\u5149\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081838\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u8d63\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u548c\u6c5f\u897f\u4e24\u7701\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u7531\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\u662f\u5f20\u6811\u5fb7\uff1b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081845\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u548c\u5e7f\u5fb7\u7ee7\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u56db) \u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u8d63\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6c5f\u897f\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u548c\u5e7f\u5fb7\u7ee7\u4efb\u6c5f\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u51715\u4efb\uff1a\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081846\u20141849\uff09\uff0c\u77f3\u4f2f\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u81f3\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081850\u20141854\uff09\uff0c\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\u81f3\u540c\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081854\u20141870\uff09\uff0c\u7530\u5609\u74a7\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u540c\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\u81f3\u5149\u7eea\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081870\u20141883\uff09\uff0c\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u5e74\u81f3\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081884\u20141910\uff09\uff0c\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e94) \u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u5206\u6210\u6d59\u4e1c\u3001\u6d59\u897f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u7ee7\u4efb\u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u7530\u6cd5\u670d\u4e3b\u6559\u4efb\u6d59\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6539\u79f0\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6539\u79f0\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u516d) \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u7684\u53f0\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u53f0\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e03) \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\uff0c\u5904\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e3d\u6c34\u76d1\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u7531\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081939\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u5c06\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u7684\u91d1\u534e\u5e9c\u5c5e\u5212\u5f52\u4e3d\u6c34\u76d1\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u516b) \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f4\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5747\u5347\u683c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u4e5d) 1949\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\u4e3b\u6559\u517c\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u7f72\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u6559\u52a1\u5177\u4f53\u7531\u82cf\u5e0c\u8fbe\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u5341) 1987\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u56e0\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7531\u7701\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7231\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u7701\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u8c03\u6574\uff1a1\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u5730\u533a\u5212\u5f52\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff0c2\u3001\u4e3d\u6c34\u5730\u533a\u5212\u5f52\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff0c3\u3001\u8427\u5c71\u5e02\u5212\u5f52\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff0c4\u3001\u7389\u73af\u53bf\u5212\u5f52\u53f0\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u7701\u6cbf\u9769\u8868<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5386\u4efb\u4e3b\u6559<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e00) \u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u4ee3\u7267\uff1a\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\u81f3\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74(1846\u20141910)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u77f3\u4f2f\u94ce(Pierre Lavaissiere\uff0c1813\u20141849)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff09\u9633\u53863\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u81f3\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081849\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u3001\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e(Francois Xavier Thimothey Danicourt\uff0c1806\u20141860)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081850\uff09\u9633\u538612\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u81f3\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u7530\u5609\u74a7(Louis Gabriel Delaplace\uff0c1820\u20141884\uff09)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff09\u9633\u53866\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u4ece\u6c5f\u897f\u8c03\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74\uff081870\uff09\u9633\u53861\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u8c03\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u4ee3\u7267\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u82cf\u51e4\u6587(Edmond Francois Guierry\uff0c1825\u20141883)\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74\uff081870\uff09\u9633\u53866\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u8c03\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u76f4\u5230\u5149\u7eea\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081883\uff09\u9633\u53868\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984(Paul Marie Reynaud\uff0c1854\u20141926)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u901d\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u5e74\uff081884\uff09\u9633\u53865\u6708\uff0c\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u76f4\u5230\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\u9633\u53865\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u5206\u6210\u6d59\u4e1c\u3001\u6d59\u897f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e8c) \u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u4ee3\u7267\uff1a\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74(1910)\uff0c\u79f0\u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u79f0\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u6539\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\uff0c\u4ece\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\u81f3\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081910-1926\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u3001\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7(Andre Jean Francois Defebvre\uff0c1886\u20141967)\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff0912\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1954\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u30011954\u20141958\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u4e24\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u662f\u738b\u8000\u6e90\u548c\u65bd\u4f2f\u5e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u8212\u5176\u8c01\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u30021958\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1983\u5e74\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u30011983\u5e74\uff0c\u67f4\u65e5\u6636\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       6\u3001\u8d3a\u8fd1\u6c11\u4e8e1999\u5e743\u670810\u65e5\u9009\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u957f\uff1b9\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u4e3a\u52a9\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       7\u30012004\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u8d3a\u4e3b\u6559\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u5c31\u4efb\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e09) \u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1a\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74(1910)\uff0c\u79f0\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u79f0\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1\u3001\u7530\u6cd5\u670d(Paul Albert Faveau\uff0c1859\u20141949)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2\u3001\u6885\u5360\u9b41(GeorgesDeymier\uff0c1886\u4e001956)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081937\uff095\u6708\uff0c\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b1947\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u603b\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1952\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u30011952\u20141957\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u4e24\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u662f\u738b\u514b\u8c26\u548c\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u5434\u56fd\u7115\uff0c\u8862\u53bf\u4eba\u30021958\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1988\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u8001\u544a\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u6731\u5cf0\u9752\uff0c\u6df3\u5b89\u4eba\u30021988\u5e748\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\u30021997\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       6\u30011998\u5e7410\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5168\u9009\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       7\u30011999\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u66f9\u6e58\u5fb7\u9009\u4efb\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      (\u56db) \u53f0\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   1\u3001\u80e1\u82e5\u5c71\uff0c\u5b9a\u6d77\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff096\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u53f0\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u53f0\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1962\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u9ec4\u5ca9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u30011960\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u502a\u6811\u8303\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u6587\u9769\u540e\uff0c\u8521\u5b50\u7434\u4e3a\u6559\u533a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u8521\u75c5\u901d\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u6e29\u5dde\u4ee3\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u5f90\u5409\u4f1f1999\u5e748\u6708\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e94) \u4e3d\u6c34\u76d1\u7267\u533a\uff1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\uff1b\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u6559\u533a\uff1b1987\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u6559\u533a\u6240\u5c5e\u4e3d\u6c34\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u4e8c\u5730\u533a\u5206\u522b\u5212\u5f52\u6e29\u5dde\u4e0e\u676d\u5dde\u4e24\u6559\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1\u3001\u9a6c\u5a01\u5ec9(William\u3000Macgrath)\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d\uff0c\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081931\u20141940\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2\u3001\u9ad8\u5c14\u767b(Michel Leo Curtin)\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d\uff0c\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u4efb\u4ee3\u76d1\u7267\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3\u3001\u8c2d\u5c14\u9f10(Kenneth Turner)\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d\uff0c\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081948\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u4e3d\u6c34\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1954\u5e74\uff0c\u79bb\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u30011954\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u90ed\u6155\u5929\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u516d) \u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1949\u5e746\u6708   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u517c\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u7f72\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2\u3001\u82cf\u5e0c\u8fbe\uff0c\u53f0\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c\u4efb\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u30021954\u5e74\uff0c\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b1957\u5e7412\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u75c5\u4ea1\u3002\u6559\u52a1\u7531\u738b\u76ca\u9a8f\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u65b9\u5fd7\u521a\uff0c\u745e\u5b89\u4eba\u30021958\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u8521\u53d4\u6bc5\u8d1f\u8d23\u5177\u4f53\u6559\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u30012002\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6731\u7ef4\u82b3\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u3001\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u5915\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5404\u6559\u533a\u3001\u603b\u672c\u5802\u548c\u672c\u5802\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a<\/u><\/em><\/strong>\uff1a<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u676d\u5dde\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\uff1a\u4e3b\u6559\u6885\u5360\u9b41\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba1\u548c\u98ce\u9e23(\u8377\u7c4d)\uff0c\u603b\u672c\u5802\u9b4f\u9707\u4e1c(\u82f1\u7c4d)\u3002\u4e3b\u6559\u987e\u95ee\u53ca\u6821\u957f\u738b\u514b\u8c26\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5802\u9676\u82e5\u5eb5\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u8d75\u5b9b\u6587\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u795e\u7236\u5b59\u6811\u7ff0\u3001\u6c88\u5fd7\u5eb7\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u676d\u5dde\u4fee\u5973\u9662\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6c88\u9cb2\u5316\uff0c\u5723\u5fc3\u4fee\u5973\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7a0b\u70c8\u64cd\u3001\u9662\u957f\u91d1\u6da4\u5c18\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u676d\u5dde\u4ec1\u7231\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u738b\u6064\u6c11\uff0c\u4ec1\u7231\u533b\u9662\u9662\u957f\u548c\u7231\u6d01(Vulcsik\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u5b81\u53bf\u957f\u5b89\u9547\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u4e01\u61cb\u826f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4f59\u676d\u53bf\u4e34\u5e73\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9ad8\u7235\u7984(\u6cd5\u7c4d)\u3001\u526f\u672c\u5802\u6851\u767d\u8363(\u6cd5\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u5b81\u53bf\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u67cf\u7279\u4e50(\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5434\u5e7f\u626c\u3001\u5434\u6cd5\u90a6\u3001\u6768\u5e94\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e34\u5b89\u53bf\u674e\u5bb6\u5f04\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6bdb\u7ffc\u4e91\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4f59\u676d\u53bf\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6bdb\u7ef4\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5174\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u603b\u672c\u5802\u9676\u4fdd\u7984(\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5434\u4ef2\u5b89\u3001\u6c88\u6c5d\u9a8f\u3001\u848b\u9053\u7eaf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5584\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u91d1\u9f0e(\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u6731\u9e23\u590f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u6e56\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u66fe\u97ec\u9ed8\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u88d8\u7406\u5723\u3001\u65b9\u53d7\u6d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u6e56\u65b0\u57ed\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u59dc\u7ecd\u9f50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u76d0\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9c8d\u52c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8862\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u603b\u672c\u5802\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5434\u56fd\u7115\u3001\u5f90\u5145\u826f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9f99\u6e38\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9ece\u70b3\u8f89\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8862\u53bf\u9ebb\u84ec\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u738b\u7389\u5802\u3001\u6bdb\u4ea8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8862\u53bf\u76f4\u575e\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5085\u5b50\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c5f\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u738b\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5468\u5b97\u671d\u3001\u90b1\u9521\u5e06<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e38\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u80e1\u73cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5efa\u5fb7\u57ce\u5173\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5f90\u76ca\u752b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6df3\u5b89\u53bf\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u7cb1\u516c\u6d25\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5bcc\u9633\u57ce\u5173\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5f20\u5584\u9e23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6850\u5e90\u5206\u6c34\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6731\u9686\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e56\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u603b\u672c\u5802\u5f20\u56fd\u5149\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u7f57\u7ef4\u4f26\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u6768\u5c39\u8015\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba1\u4e8e\u4e50\u5c71(\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c88\u5bb6\u515c\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5e72\u536b\u9053\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u53cc\u6797\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9ad8\u897f\u5824(\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5305\u58ec\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u83f1\u6e56\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u96f7\u632f\u8fdc(\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5357\u6d54\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5c39\u5f25\u9ad8\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b89\u5409\u6885\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9a6c\u5eb7\u4e43\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b89\u5409\u5730\u94fa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u675c\u7267\u6c11\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b5d\u4e30\u53bf\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6731\u5cf0\u9752\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5fb7\u6e05\u65b0\u5e02\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9646\u51ef\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3001\u674e\u5584\u7fa4(Oteng\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5fb7\u6e05\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u7530\u8015\u534e(\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u4f55\u614e\u72ec\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7c4d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\uff1a<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6ce2\u6c5f\u5317\u5802\uff1a\u4e3b\u6559\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba1\u534e\u667a\u4f2f(\u82f1\u56fd\u7c4d)\u3001\u5305\u65af\u5b9a(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\u3001\u5f6d\u65e5\u5229(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u65bd\u4f2f\u5e90\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u53f2\u6d4e\u4ec1\u3001\u5362\u767e\u7984\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6ce2\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u7530\u8012\u798f(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u6c88\u9f0e\u81e3\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u80e1\u9038\u4e16\u3001\u7ae5\u9038\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u589e\u7235\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\uff1a\u9662\u957f\u8d75\u4e16\u5149\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u82cf\u5e0c\u8fbe\u3001\u7ae0\u6587\u5b9d\u3001\u8212\u5176\u8c01\u3001\u9648\u7fa4\u8c0b\u3001\u6797\u9521\u9ece\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u821f\u5c71\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u90ed\u5c45\u592b(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b9a\u6d77\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5c39\u6cd5\u7406(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u91d1\u6307\u5357\u3001\u9646X X(\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u7ecd\u5174\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6c6a\u5982\u6d77\u3001\u5468\u4fe1\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e34\u6d66\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u59da\u94ce\u6c11\u3001\u738b\u82e5\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6d77\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5434\u7965\u6797\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u738b\u94ed\u60e0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4f59\u59da\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u8339\u6f2a\u4ead\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u5468\u4fe1\u534e\u3001\u8d3a\u8fd1\u6c11\u3001\u8d75\u5176\u677e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6ce2\u8349\u9a6c\u8def\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u738b\u8000\u6e90\u3001\u9648\u96c4\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8427\u5c71\u9756\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u65b9\u90fd\u8c1f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3d\u6c34\u6559\u533a<\/u><\/em><\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e3d\u6c34\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u4e3b\u6559\u8c2d\u5c14\u9f10\uff08\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u8303\u56fd\u660c\uff08\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u91d1\u5f22\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e3d\u6c34\u78a7\u6e56\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5b59\u6587\u9b41(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u845b\u9e9f\u5b5f(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9752\u7530\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5f90\u9e23\u91ce\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6587\u6210\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9ec4\u80dc\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u91d1\u534e\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u540d\u8a89\u4e3b\u6559\u6a0a\u56fd\u67f1\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u987e\u5baa\u7ae0\u3001\u5468\u514b\u793c(3\u4eba\u5747\u4e3a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5170\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u4e8e\u6587\u6e0a(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u83ab\u6b63\u5ec9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c64\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5eb7XX(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6b66\u4e49\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u8881\u4e91\u9e4f(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c38\u5eb7\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5085\u80dc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e1c\u9633\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u6f58\u5149\u8f89(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5802\u90ed\u6155\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d66\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5e9e\u5b66\u6e0a(\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c4d)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e49\u4e4c\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5468\u514b\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f0\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff1a<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u95e8\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\uff1a\u4e3b\u6559\u80e1\u82e5\u5c71\uff0c\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u502a\u6811\u8303\uff0c\u603b\u672c\u5802\u5468\u5d07\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9ec4\u5ca9\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u4fde\u56fd\u826f\u3001\u8096\u8d8a\u5c18\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5929\u53f0\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u9676\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e29\u5cad\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u987e\u8c26\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e34\u6d77\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u8521\u5b50\u7434\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\uff1a<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e29\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u82cf\u5e0c\u8fbe\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u90d1\u6d4e\u6c11\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u795e\u7236\u6f58\u5609\u7984\u3001\u5434\u94a6\u534e\u3001\u5f20\u8d8a\u81e3\u3001\u9ec4\u5b66\u5723\u3001\u6c6a\u9e23\u768b\u3001\u9648\u7199\u6b62\u3001\u8521\u53d4\u6bc5\u3001\u738b\u76ca\u9a8f\u3001\u6731\u66e6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c38\u5609\u6c38\u5f3a\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5f90\u632f\u5b58\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u6797\u96c5\u8c37\u3001\u66f9\u5146\u5409\u795e\u7236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u745e\u5b89\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u6797\u540d\u7fe5\u3001\u9ec4\u7693\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u9633\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u65b9\u5fd7\u521a\u3001\u8c22\u62e5\u4e09\u3001\u65bd\u79b9\u81e3\u3001\u6768\u541b\u9676\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u9633\u94b1\u5e93\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u59da\u5b97\u9274\u3001\u6797\u9686\u8d77\u3001\u91d1\u5b50\u5065\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u9633\u84b2\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u674e\u4ec1\u58f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c38\u5609\u67ab\u6797\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u5434\u5e0c\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e50\u6e05\u8679\u6865\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u65b9\u5473\u589e\u3001\u90d1\u6b63\u5e0c\u3001\u9648\u73ae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u7389\u73af\u574e\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u672c\u5802\u859b\u67cf\u9732\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282<\/strong>   \u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001<\/strong>\u7b80<\/strong> \u53f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6d59\u4e1c\u3001\u6d59\u897f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u65f6\uff0c\u79f0\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u6539\u79f0\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u7ba1\u8f96\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5609\u5174\u3001\u6e56\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u3001\u4e25\u5dde\u516d\u5e9c\u6559\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u7530\u6cd5\u670d\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\u30021910\u5e7410\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u5723\u6bcd\u5347\u5929\u5802\u7531\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u793c\uff0c\u9886\u53d7\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u53d7\u201c\u8fbe\u9ebb\u6c99\u201d(Tamassa)\u4e3b\u6559\u8854\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u7530\u59d4\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u8c22\u57f9\u5fb7\uff08Charles Wiltib\uff09\u4e3a\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5609\u5174\u3001\u8862\u5dde3\u4e2a\u603b\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002\u59d4\u96f7\u5b8f\u4eae(Pierre Legrand\uff0c1884\u20141942\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u97e9\u65e5\u7984(Ange Jos. Asinelli\uff0c1871\u20141945\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba)\u4efb\u5609\u5174\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6234\u601d\u7eb6(J\u3001B\u3001Tisserand\uff0c1875\u20141921\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u4efb\u8862\u5dde\u603b\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6e56\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u5404\u53bf\u5f52\u5609\u5174\u603b\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u4e25\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u5404\u53bf\u5f52\u8862\u5dde\u603b\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6709\u6559\u53cb10318\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u723622\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u597322\u4eba\uff0c\u5723\u58023\u5ea7\uff0c\u672c\u580215\u5904\uff0c\u5c0f\u5802\u7948\u7977\u6240170\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u516d\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u52a8\u5de5\u65b0\u5efa\u8862\u5dde\u9ebb\u84ec\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081913\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u6c5f\u5c71\u57ce\u5185\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u56db\u5e74\uff081915\uff09\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u4fee\u5973\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e94\u5e74\uff081916\uff09\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u5723\u6bcd\u65e0\u539f\u7f6a\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u843d\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c71\u5802\u3001\u822a\u57e0\u5802\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u57ce\u5185\u5802\u3001\u5e38\u5c71\u5317\u95e8\u5802\u5efa\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081923\uff09\uff0c\u5609\u5584\u57ce\u5185\u5723\u5802\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u57ce\u5185\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u6e56\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u3001\u53cc\u6797\u3001\u5357\u6d54\u5efa\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u6d77\u5b81\u53bf\u957f\u5b89\u9547\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u5802\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u8862\u53bf\u76f4\u575e\u6751\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u5609\u5174\u57ce\u5185\u5927\u5802\u843d\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff09\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u57ce\u5185\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081936\uff09\uff0c\u6d66\u6c5f\u57ce\u5185\u548c\u6bdb\u5e97\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u57ce\u5185\u3001\u6c38\u5eb7\u5c0f\u7a96\u6731\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081927\uff09\uff0c\u8c22\u57f9\u5fb7\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u91d1\u5b9d\u6bbf(Michel\u3000Bouillel\uff0c1877\u20141943)\u7ee7\u4efb\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u6559\u533a\u6559\u52a1\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u6559\u53cb32100\u4eba\uff0c20\u5e74\u95f4\u589e\u52a02\u500d\uff0c\u795e\u723653\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u597368\u4eba(\u5176\u4e2d\u5723\u5fc3\u4f1a\u4fee\u597337\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec1\u7231\u4f1a\u4fee\u597331\u4eba)\uff0c\u5723\u5802220\u5904\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u533a25\u4e2a\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u53ca\u5b64\u513f\u9662\u54042\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081935\uff09\uff0c\u7530\u6cd5\u670d\u5df376\u5c81\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8f9e\u5448\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6885\u5360\u9b41\u7ee7\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u540c\u5e745\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u7531\u7530\u6cd5\u670d\u4e3b\u793c\u53d7\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u7530\u9000\u5c45\u5609\u5174\u5802\u5185\uff0c1949\u5e74\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u3002\uff081912\u5e74\uff0c\u6885\u5360\u9b41\u6765\u6d59\u6c5f\uff0c\u5148\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u7ee7\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u5723\u5fc3\u5927\u4fee\u9662\u9662\u957f\u30021919\u5e74\uff0c\u8c03\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u5e10\u623f\u517c\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c1930\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd4\u6cd5\u6cbb\u75c5\uff0c\u56de\u676d\u7ee7\u4efb\u539f\u804c\uff1b1936\u5e74\uff0c\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002\uff091952\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002\u6885\u79bb\u5883\u540e\uff0c\u738b\u514b\u8c26\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1956\u5e74\uff0c\u6885\u5360\u9b41\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u63a8\u9009\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u90d1\u4e8e1957\u5e748\u6708\u75c5\u6545\u30021958\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u5434\u56fd\u7115\u4e3a\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u8212\u5176\u8c01\u548c\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u65b9\u5fd7\u521a\u4e8e1960\u5e744\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7531\u76ae\u6f31\u77f3\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3e\u884c\u795d\u5723\u30021966\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u88ab\u626b\u5730\u51fa\u95e8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u79fb\u4f5c\u5b83\u7528\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u4e00\u5207\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021979\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u8fd8\u6559\u5802\u3002\u676d\u5dde\u58021982\u5e74\u5f52\u8fd8\uff0c\u7ecf\u4fee\u7f2e\u540e\u4e8e12\u670812\u65e5\u590d\u5802\u30021988\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5434\u56fd\u7115\u4e3b\u6559\u56e0\u5e74\u8001\u591a\u75c5\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8f9e\u5448\uff1b\u9009\u6731\u5cf0\u9752\u4e3a\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c11\u670827\u65e5\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7531\u91d1\u9c81\u8d24\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u30021997\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\u75c5\u901d\u30021998\u5e74\u65b9\u6cd5\u5168\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u6559\u533a\u957f\u30021999\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u66f9\u6e58\u5fb7\u9009\u4efb\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b2000\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u7531\u6c5f\u82cf\u5357\u901a\u6559\u533a\u90c1\u6210\u624d\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u9644\uff1a\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u676d\u5dde\u5386\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u4e0e\u5728\u4efb\u5e74\u4efd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1\u3001\u90ed\u5c45\u9759(Lazaro Cattaneo\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u660e\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u81f3\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081611\u20141640\uff09\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u3001\u5b5f\u5112\u671b(Jean Monteiro\uff0c\u8461\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u4e09\u81f3\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081640\u20141643\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3\u3001\u536b\u5321\u56fd(Martino  Martini\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u516d\u81f3\u987a\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74\uff081643\u20141650\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3001\u9633\u739b\u8bfa(Emmanuel Diaz\uff0c\u8461\u7c4d)\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u4e03\u81f3\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081650-1659\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5\u3001\u536b\u5321\u56fd\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u516d\u81f3\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081659\u20141661\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6\u3001\u6d2a\u5ea6\u8d1e(Humbert Augeri\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081661\u20141673\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7\u3001\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd(Prosper Intorcetta\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u5341\u4e8c\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081673-1696\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8\u3001\u6f58\u56fd\u826f(Emmanuel Laupice\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081696\u20141706\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9\u3001\u827e\u65af\u738e(August Berelli\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\uff081706\u20141711\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\u3001\u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa(Romanus Hinderer\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d) \u5eb7\u7199\u4e94\u5341\u81f3\u96cd\u6b63\u516b\u5e74\uff081711\u20141730\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5747\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11\u3001\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7(Protais Montagneux\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u81f3\u540c\u6cbb\u4e94\u5e74\uff081861\u20141866\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12\u3001\u5f90\u5fd7\u4fee(Jos Marie Rizzi\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d)\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u4e94\u81f3\u4e03\u5e74\uff081866\u20141868\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13\u3001\u767d\u82e5\u7ff0(J.B Bret\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u4e03\u81f3\u5341\u5e74\uff081868\u20141871\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14\u3001\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe(\u6e56\u5317\u5357\u6f33\u53bf\u4eba)\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u81f3\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081871\u20141874\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15\u3001\u5218\u5b89\u591a(Andre Guillot\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081874\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16\u3001\u548c\u5b89\u5f53(Antoine Heckmann\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081889-1890\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17\u3001\u5434\u7eb3\u7235(1gnace Urge\uff0c\u5308\u7c4d)\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081890\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18\u3001\u7530\u6cd5\u670d(Albert Paul Faveau\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081890-1904\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19\u3001\u5218\u6000\u5fb7(Pierre Claudius Louat\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081904-1908\uff09\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u3001\u9b4f\u6bbf\u57f9(Charles Wiltib\uff0c\u5965\u7c4d)\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u81f3\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081908-1910\uff09\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21\u3001\u96f7\u5b8f\u4eae(Pierre Legrand\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d)\uff0c\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\u81f3\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081910\u20141942\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22\u3001\u6c5f\u9053\u6e90(\u6c5f\u897f\u4e34\u5ddd\u4eba)\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081942\u20141944\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23\u3001\u9b4f\u9707\u4e1c(J.Conway \u82f1\u56fd\u4eba)\uff0c\uff081944-1950\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d21\u4eba\u5747\u4e3a\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001<\/strong>\u5802<\/strong>  \u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u7684alt\u5c5e\u6027\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff1b\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4e3a%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E5%A0%82-2-1024x768.jpg\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u671f\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802                                                              \u73b0\u5b58\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u660e\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081611\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u5bb6\u548c\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u5bb6\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u660e\u5929\u542f\u4e03\u5e74(1627)\u79cb\uff0c\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u53c8\u6350\u732e\u5927\u6279\u8d44\u91d1\u5728\u89c2\u5df7 (\u89c2\u6865\u897f\uff0c\u4eca\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def415\u53f7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6240\u5728\u5730) \u5efa\u9020\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5723\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u540e\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u66fe\u5728\u897f\u6e56\u8fb9\u94b1\u5858\u95e8\u5efa\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u516d\u5e74(1659)\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u8fd4\u676d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de1\u629a\u4f5f\u56fd\u5668\u7b49\u652f\u6301\u548c\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5c06\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u65e7\u5c45\u9644\u8fd1(\u8be5\u5802\u539f\u5740)\u4e00\u7247\u5927\u56ed\u5730\u62e8\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u53e6\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081661\uff09\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u542f\u7528\u3002\u5723\u5802\u7cfb\u7f57\u9a6c\u5706\u9876\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u6b63\u6bbf\u548c\u5de6\u53f3\u4fa7\u6bbf\u6784\u6210\uff0c4\u884c\u6728\u67f1\uff0c\u9760\u8fb92\u884c\u6728\u67f1\u780c\u5728\u7816\u5899\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6b63\u6bbf\u9876\u90e8\u5448\u73af\u5f27\u5f62\uff0c\u5802\u5185\u660e\u6717\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\u9c9c\u4e3d\uff0c\u5149\u8f89\u593a\u76ee\u3002\u8bbe\u67093\u5ea7\u796d\u53f0\uff0c\u6b63\u796d\u53f0\u4f9b\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u50cf\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u796d\u53f0\u5206\u522b\u4f9b\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\u548c\u4fdd\u7984\u4e24\u50cf\u3002\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\u4e00\u624b\u62ff\u4e24\u679a\u94a5\u5319\uff0e\u4e00\u624b\u6307\u5929\u3002\u4fdd\u7984\u5de6\u624b\u6267\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff0c\u53f3\u624b\u6307\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u6807\u8bed\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5ba3\u626c\u88ab\u9489\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u201d\u3002\u58c1\u7ed8\u6709\u8036\u7a23\u751f\u5e73\u4e8b\u8ff9\uff0c\u5723\u6bcd\u884c\u5b9e\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u56db\u672b\uff0c\u5341\u4e8c\u4f4d\u5b97\u5f92\uff0c\u56db\u5927\u5723\u5e08\uff0c\u5404\u4fee\u4f1a\u4f1a\u7956\u3001\u4f1a\u8863\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4fdd\u7984\u5f52\u5316\uff0c\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u7687\u5e1d\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7b49\uff0c\u753b\u4e0b\u5747\u6709\u6c49\u6587\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u9664\u5723\u5802\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5efa\u6709\u6b63\u53853\u95f4\u3001\u521d\u5b66\u96623\u95f4\u3001\u81b3\u5385\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\uff0c\u5367\u5ba414\u95f4\u3002\u4f4f\u623f\u4e09\u9762\u8bbe\u6709\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u5bbd\u655e\u8212\u9002\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u8fdc\u773a\u5c71\u5ce6\u548c\u897f\u6e56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74(1689)\u4e09\u6708\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u5357\u5de1\u6765\u676d\uff0c\u8be5\u5802\u795e\u7236\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd\u3001\u6f58\u56fd\u826f(\u610f\u7c4d)\u89d0\u89c1\u5eb7\u7199\uff0c\u83b7\u8d50\u679c\u997c\u9165\u548c\u94f6\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u5e74(1691)\uff0c\u66fe\u88ab\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de1\u629a\u5f20\u9e4f\u7fee\u6539\u4f5c\u5b83\u7528\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081692\uff09\u516b\u6708\u5931\u706b\uff0c\u540e\u4fee\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74(1699)\u4e09\u6708\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u518d\u6b21\u5357\u5de1\uff0c\u6f58\u56fd\u826f\u8d74\u65e0\u9521\u606d\u8fce\uff0c\u8d50\u5fa1\u80b44\u5927\u94f6\u76d8\u3002\u5e1d\u62b5\u676d\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u8d50\u5bb4\u6e56\u822b\u53ca\u94f6200\u4e24\u4fee\u5efa\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5802\u95e8\u4e0a\u52a0\u201c\u6555\u5efa\u201d2\u5b57\u3002\u6f58\u7279\u9080\u6e05\u4ee3\u5927\u753b\u5bb6\u5434\u6e14\u5c71\u795e\u7236\u8d4b\u8bd7\u5fd7\u7eaa\uff1a\u201c\u5802\u524d\u8857\u9759\u5c11\u5c18\u57c3\uff0c\u9a7e\u8fc7\u4ece\u5bb9\u95ee\u51e0\u56de\uff0c\u8bd7\u53e5\u7b11\u770b\u7559\u5fa1\u5e9c\uff0c\u59cb\u540d\u5ffb\u9605\u4e0b\u4e4c\u53f0\u3002\u65cc\u65d7\u6674\u62c2\u5f53\u95e8\u62e5\uff0c\u7089\u7bc6\u82b1\u8fce\u5165\u6237\u6765\uff0c\u62dc\u624b\u6267\u9999\u540c\u7236\u8001\uff0c\u6b22\u58f0\u6b4c\u795d\u4f3c\u6625\u96f7\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u96cd\u6b63\u7981\u6559\u65f6\u9664\u5317\u4eac\u5916\uff0c\u5df3\u4e0d\u8bb8\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u516b\u5e74(1730)\uff0c\u674e\u536b\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u51ff\u6389\u8be5\u5802\u5eb7\u7199\u9898\u5199\u7684\u201c\u6555\u5efa\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u6539\u4f5c\u5929\u540e\u5bab\uff0c\u5e76\u4eb2\u81ea\u64b0\u6587\u52d2\u523b\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u6539\u4e3a\u5929\u540e\u5bab\u7891\u8bb0\u300b\u3002\u76f4\u81f3\u540c\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74(1864)\uff0c\u957f\u8fbe130\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u5b8c\u6574\u5f52\u8fd8\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\uff0c\u4e3b\u6559\u6d3e\u8c22\u5fb7\u671b\u3001\u674e\u5b89\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u8fdb\u9a7b\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74(1876)\uff0c\u5c06\u8be5\u5802\u5411\u897f\u6269\u5efa2\u95f4\u796d\u53f0\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74(1912)\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u5931\u706b\uff0c\u540e\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u6c11\u56fd5\u5e74(1916)\uff0c\u53c8\u52a0\u5efa\u4e1c\u4fa73\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1966\u5e74\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u201d\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u5b83\u752816\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e2d\u5171\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e09\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u623f\u4ea7\u7b49\u5404\u9879\u5b97\u6559\u653f\u7b56\u30021979\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u5e02\u59d4\u6279\u590d\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u5f00\u653e\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6574\u4fee\uff0c\u4e8e1982\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u590d\u5802\u793c\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u867d\u7ecf\u591a\u6b21\u6ce2\u6298\uff0c\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u81f3\u4eca\u30021991\u5e74\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u9886\u53d6\u201c\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u573a\u6240\u767b\u8bb0\u8bc1\u201d\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u6709\u4e3b\u65591\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u72363\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u597320\u4eba\u3002\u6bcf\u5929\u65e9\u6668\u4e3e\u884c\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u5f25\u64922\u53f0\uff0c\u73b0\u6bcf\u4e3b\u65e5\u4fe1\u5f92\u8fbe400\u4eba\u81f3500\u4eba\u30021992\u5e741\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u676d\u5dde\u5e02\u7ea7\u6587\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u63a5\u5f85\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5bbe\u5ba2\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u676d\u5dde\u5206\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u676d\u5dde\u4e03\u5821\u5802\uff0c\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u9662\u57303\u4ea9\u591a\uff0c\u5723\u5802\u4e3b\u4fdd\u4e3a\u5723\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u6c99\u52ff\u7565\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u70e7\u6bc1\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa5\u95f4\u6b63\u5c4b\u30011\u95f4\u504f\u623f\u3002\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u62c6\u9664\u65e7\u623f\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u4e24\u95f4\u534a\u697c\u623f\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u62c6\u9664\u504f\u623f\u52a0\u5efa1\u95f4\u697c\u623f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4f59\u676d\uff1a\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e34\u5e73\u5802\uff0c\u7ea6\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\u3002\u5386\u5c4a\u672c\u5802\u4e3a\u5085\u745e\u3001\u9ad8\u7235\u7984\u3001\u6c88\u9cb2\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e34\u5b89\uff1a\u540c\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74\uff081868\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u5bb6\u6559\u53cb\u4ece\u821f\u5c71\u8fc1\u6765\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5f90\u5bb6\u575e\u3001\u96c5\u5b98\u3001\u9648\u516c\u4e953\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u4e8e\u6f5c\u3001\u660c\u5316\u4ea6\u8bbe\u6709\u6559\u5802\u3002\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u59dc\u5fb7\u660c\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u4e8e\u6f5c\u3002\u57ce\u5185\u5415\u5bb6\u5f04\u571f\u5730\u8d2d\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u65b0\u5802\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u56db\u5e74\uff081915\uff09\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5973\u5802\u3002\u5386\u5c4a\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u6709\u4e01\u798f\u826f\u3001\u53f6\u9732\u52a0\u3001\u5f90\u76ca\u752b\u3001\u987e\u6709\u5149\u3001\u6bdb\u7ffc\u4e91\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5bcc\u9633\uff1a\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u79df\u623f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u9a7b\u6709\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u3002\u540e\u7531\u5f20\u5584\u9e23\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e25\u5dde\u6559\u4f1a\uff1a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\u6881\u5f18\u4ec1\u5230\u6b64\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u6885\u57ce\u5efa\u4e00\u6559\u5802\u3002\u6881\u4e0d\u4e45\u8c03\u4efb\u56db\u5ddd\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u7531\u540c\u4f1a\u5b5f\u65b9\u6d4e\u63a5\u66ff\u3002\u5eb7\u7199\u56db\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081705\uff09\uff0c\u5b5f\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u4ec5\u6570\u6708\u79bb\u53bb\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74\uff081871\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe\u591a\u6b21\u524d\u6765\u63a2\u671b\u6559\u53cb\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e03\u91cc\u6cf7\u8bbe\u4e00\u5c0f\u5802\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081899\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u8212\u6e05\u7b19\u795e\u7236\u9a7b\u6850\u5e90\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081905\uff09\uff0c\u9b4f\u6bbf\u57f9\u795e\u7236\u5728\u6df3\u5b89\u8d2d\u623f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u8212\u8c03\u7ecd\u5174\u540e\uff0c\u6c88\u5176\u6587\u524d\u5f80\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u52a1\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081907\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u5085\u749e\u795e\u7236\u6765\u6850\u5e90\u4e3b\u6301\u3002\u6b64\u5e74\uff0c\u5085\u8c03\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u4ecd\u7531\u6c88\u4e3b\u6301\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u5143\u5e74\uff081909\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u8c03\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u962e\u632f\u94ce\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u5802\u8bbe\u5728\u6885\u57ce\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u7684\u6709\uff1a\u5218\u56fd\u6874(Emile Lobry\uff0c1886\u20141930\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u9648\u5609\u7984\u3001\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u5f90\u76ca\u752b\u3002\u6df3\u5b89\u3001\u9042\u5b89\u3001\u5206\u6c34\u3001\u6850\u5e90\u5747\u66fe\u6709\u795e\u7236\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u6881\u516c\u6d25\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u3002\u68811989\u5e74\u901d\u4e8e\u6c7e\u53e3\u9547\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1940\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e25\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c5e\u6709\u6559\u53cb836\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5609\u5174\u603b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5174\u8001\u672c\u5802\u4ece17\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\u4e00\u76f4\u8bbe\u5728\u6d77\u5b81\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u97e9\u65e5\u7984\u795e\u7236\u5728\u5609\u5174\u57ce\u5185\u7d2b\u9633\u8857\u6c88\u5bb6\u5f04\u8d2d\u7f6e\u571f\u57307720\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5728\u5f04\u5357\u5148\u8bbe\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u623f3\u5c42\u697c1\u5e62\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081904\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u5c06\u5723\u8863\u4f1a(\u53c8\u540d\u52a0\u5c14\u9ed8\u5f55\u4f1a\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u516b\u5e74[1869]\u6765\u534e)\u4ece\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u8fc1\u5230\u57ce\u5185\u5e9c\u5fe0\u57ed\u4ee5\u5317(\u4eca\u5609\u5174\u4e09\u4e2d\u5357\u4fa7)\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u516d\u5e74\uff081917\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u5360\u5730990.5\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5802\u524d\u5efa\u6709\u4e24\u5ea7\u949f\u697c\uff0c\u9ad8\u8038\u4e91\u9704\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u58ee\u89c2\uff0c\u5802\u5185\u9876\u5448\u62f1\u5f62\uff0c\u67f1\u9876\u90e8\u9542\u523b\u82b1\u7eb9\uff0c\u95e8\u7a97\u9576\u6709\u8fdb\u53e3\u5f69\u8272\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u796d\u53f0\u4f9b\u663e\u7075\u5723\u724c\u5723\u6bcd\u50cf\uff0c\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u5168\u7701\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u5168\u90e8\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u8fbe13\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u5927\u5802\u4e1c\u4fa7\u5efa\u6709\u82e6\u96be\u5c0f\u5802\uff0c\u7530\u6cd5\u670d\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u97e9\u65e5\u7984\u3001\u6c88\u6c5d\u9a8f\uff0c\u5747\u846c\u6b64\u5730\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5927\u5802\u897f\u4fa7\u53e6\u8d2d\u8fdb7024\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u80b2\u5a74\u5802\u3001\u5b64\u513f\u9662\u3001\u8001\u4eba\u9662\u548c\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u7531\u4ec1\u7231\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4ec1\u7231\u5802\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e00\u533b\u9662\u3002\u5728\u539f\u62d4\u8d21\u5f04\u5317\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u660e\u5fb7\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u660e\u5fb7\u5973\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5723\u5fc3\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5174\u603b\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5609\u5174\u548c\u6e56\u5dde\u4e24\u5e9c\u65e7\u5c5e\uff0c\u5609\u5584\u3001\u5e73\u6e56\u3001\u6d77\u5b81\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u3001\u957f\u5b89\u9547\uff0c\u53cc\u6797\u3001\u5357\u6d54\u3001\u6e56\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u7b49\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5174\u603b\u5802\u9996\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u97e9\u65e5\u7984\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09\u901d\u4e16\u3002\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u7684\u6709\u9676\u4fdd\u7984(Francois Paul Radogna\uff0c1892\u4e00?\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\uff0c1951\u5e74\u8fd4\u6b27)\uff0c\u6d77\u5b81\u4eba\u6c88\u6c5d\u9a8f\uff081907-1978\uff09\uff0c1982\u5e74\u6768\u5e94\u65f6\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c2003\u5e74\u540e\u4e3a\u5f90\u8d35\u6839\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5174\u90ca\u533a\u738b\u6c5f\u6cfe\u3001\u738b\u5e97\u3001\u6b65\u4e91\u4e61\u3001\u82a6\u82b1\u6751\uff0c\u98ce\u6865\u9547\u3001\u65b0\u7c0b\u9547\u3001\u6fee\u9662\u5747\u8bbe\u6709\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u738b\u6c5f\u6cfe\u6559\u53cb\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u6709\u6559\u5802\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u53e6\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u5c0f\u58025\u95f4\uff0c\u95e8\u697c1\u95f4\uff0c\u84dd\u8272\u5706\u9876\uff0c\u9887\u5177\u7279\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u5b81\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u6559\u53cb\u6751\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c18\u201419\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u4f1a\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5609\u5174\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u6b64\u5802\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5609\u3001\u6e56\u4e24\u5e9c\u6700\u65e9\u4f4f\u6709\u795e\u7236\u7684\u5802\u53e3\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u9662\u5730\u8fbe22\u4ea9\u591a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u5723\u6bcd\u73ab\u7470\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u843d\u6210\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u623f132\u95f4\uff0c\u5230\u6b64\u9a7b\u5802\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7236\u5148\u540e\u670920\u591a\u4f4d\u3002\u672c\u5802\u533a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6d77\u76d0\u9676\u5bb6\u3001\u957f\u5ddd\u575d\u3001\u89d2\u91cc\u57dd\u7b49\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u5c31\u5f00\u529e\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u540e\u5171\u529e\u670912\u6240\u5e76\u589e\u8bbe\u521d\u4e2d\u73ed\uff0c\u7531\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1\u3001\u6768\u5e94\u65f6\u7b49\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u3002\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u5168\u90e8\u88ab\u62c6\u30021997\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u4f4f\u623f352\uff0e48\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u53cb800\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd1\u6751\u6559\u53cb200\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u5b81\u7856\u77f3\u9547\u6cb3\u4e1c\u8def\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9762\u79ef3129\uff0e407\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a1178\uff0e89\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u6709\u5c0f\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\u30012\u5c42\u697c\u623f1\u5e62\u3001\u5e73\u623f4\u5e62\uff0c\u957f\u5c45\u6709\u4fee\u5973\u3002\u6297\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5f90\u5145\u826f\u795e\u7236\u9a7b\u6b64\uff0c\u5f00\u6709\u773c\u79d1\u8bca\u6240\uff0c\u514d\u8d39\u65bd\u8bca\uff0c\u9887\u53d7\u7fa4\u4f17\u6b22\u8fce\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u5434\u5efa\u65b0\u795e\u7236\u9a7b\u6b64\u3002\u6d77\u5b81\u6de1\u6865\u6751\u65bd\u5bb6\u573a\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u571f\u5730450\uff0e66\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef359.22\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u5c0f\u5802\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u623f\u5c4b\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\u5723\u5802\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6574\u4fee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d77\u5b81\u53e6\u6709\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u6e56\u5858\u6c11\u751f\u6751\u3002\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u5c1a\u5b584\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u51cc\u5bb6\u6e7e\u5802\u3002\u6d77\u76d0\u6709\u8c08\u5bb6\u57dd\u548c\u4e30\u5e84\u6e2f\u4e24\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5584\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff1a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u5609\u5584\u57ce\u5185\u8bbe\u6d3b\u52a8\u70b9\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u5148\u79df\u7528\u82b1\u56ed\u5f04\u6c11\u623f\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5373\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u5927\u5802\u4ee5\u5317\u768410\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d7\u95f4\u4f5c\u5723\u5802\uff0c3\u95f4\u4f5c\u4f4f\u623f\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081920\uff09\uff0c\u5434\u6cd5\u90a6\u795e\u7236\u9996\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u4e0a\u6d77\u9646\u4f2f\u9e3f\u7b49\u6559\u53cb\u52df\u6350\uff0c\u8d2d\u7f6e\u9662\u5730\u3002\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081923\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u949f\u697c\uff0c\u51cc\u7a7a\u51b2\u7acb\uff0c\u96c4\u4f1f\u58ee\u89c2\uff0c\u4e3a\u5609\u5174\u5730\u533a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5ea7\u5927\u6559\u5802\u3002\u53e6\u5efa\u6709\u795e\u7236\u697c\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u697c\u3002\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u57ce\u5185\u906d\u53d7\u65e5\u519b\u8f70\u70b8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u4ec0\u7269\u3001\u697c\u677f\u7b49\u88ab\u52ab\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081939\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u4fee\u7f2e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u4e3a\u6731\u660e\u590f\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081939\uff09\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u91d1\u9f0e\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u521d\uff0c\u5468\u65bc\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u529e\u6709\u7c7b\u601d\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u7c7b\u601d\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u7c7b\u601d\u4e2d\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u8fbe300\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u5f53\u5730\u5404\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u8d5e\u8d4f\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u8fc1\u5230\u897f\u5858\u6539\u79f0\u5609\u5584\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u623f\u5b50\u7531\u53bf\u653f\u5e9c\u4f7f\u7528\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u5730\u53e6\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5609\u5584\u672c\u5802\u533a\u6709\u79c0\u624d\u6d5c\u3001\u66f9\u5bb6\u6cb3\u3001\u5e72\u7a91\u3001\u897f\u5858\u3001\u4fde\u6c47\u3001\u6a2a\u6e2f\u3001\u5927\u4e91\u7b49\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff1b\u89e3\u653e\u521d\uff0c\u5171\u67091500\u540d\u6559\u53cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u957f\u5b89\u9547\u201c\u5723\u5973\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u201d\u5802\uff1a\u6d77\u5b81\u53bf\u957f\u5b89\u9547\u201c\u5723\u5973\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u201d\u5802\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u957f\u5b89\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u8bb8\u6751\u3001\u77f3\u95e8(\u5373\u5d07\u798f)\u4ee5\u53ca\u6850\u4e61\u7b49\u5730\u6559\u5f92\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u603b\u5802\u65e0\u6cd5\u517c\u987e\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8fdc\u9014\u5f80\u8fd4\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u4fbf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u676d\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u6c34\u9646\u4ea4\u901a\u8f83\u4e3a\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u957f\u5b89\u9547\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u6559\u5802\u3002\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u77e5\u540d\u4eba\u58eb\u5c24\u4f69\u751f\u5148\u751f\u53ca\u4e2d\u534e\u5168\u56fd\u516c\u6559\u8fdb\u884c\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u534e\u5546\u7535\u6c14\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u9646\u4f2f\u9e3f\u6559\u5f92\u7b49\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u6caa\u676d\u7b49\u5730\u6559\u5f92\u5171\u540c\u6350\u8d443\uff0e5\u4e07\u4f59\u5143\uff0c\u4e8e1927\u5e74\u59d4\u6258\u4e34\u5e73\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u5d14\u52a0\u7984\uff0c\u5728\u957f\u5b89\u9547\u4e1c\u8857\u5c3d\u5934\u4ee5100\u51431\u4ea9\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u8d2d\u5f97\u65f1\u573010\uff0e9\u4ea9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1928\u5e74\u521d\u7834\u571f\u5174\u5efa\u3002\u6559\u5802\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e3a\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\uff0c\u51717\u95f4\uff0c\u524d\u6b63\u4e2d\u6709\u949f\u697c4\u5c42\uff0c\u5c16\u9876\u7ad6\u7acb\u94c1\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff0c\u9ad817\u7c73\u3002\u6559\u5802\u5de6\u8fb9\uff0c\u5efa\u5e73\u5c4b5\u95f4\uff0c\u8bbe\u65bd\u8bca\u6240\u3001\u6155\u9053\u95f4\u53ca\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c\u697c\u623f3\u95f4\u4e3a\u795e\u7236\u3001\u4fee\u5973\u4e4b\u4f4f\u9662\uff1b\u5176\u540e\u53e6\u6709\u5e73\u5c4b3\u95f4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53a8\u623f\u53ca\u5de5\u53cb\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u697c\u623f\u4e0e\u6559\u5802\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u957f\u7ea612\u7c73\u7684\u8d70\u5eca\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u5e76\u51ff\u6709\u6c34\u4e95\u4e00\u53e3\uff0c\u4e0a\u5efa\u56db\u89d2\u51c9\u4ead\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7a7a\u5730\uff0c\u683d\u690d\u82b1\u8349\u679c\u6728\u3002\u6b64\u5802\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u7531\u6559\u5f92\u81ea\u7b79\u8d44\u91d1\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u4ee5\u201c\u5723\u5973\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u201d\u547d\u540d\u7684\u6559\u5802\u3002\u5723\u5973\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u7684\u7acb\u4f53\u5851\u50cf\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cc\u4fee\u5723\u8863\u9662\u603b\u9662\u957f\u3001\u5c0f\u5fb7\u808b\u6492\u4e4b\u59d0\u7279\u5236\u8d60\u9001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540d\u9a9a\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c\u843d\u6210\u5f00\u5802\u5178\u793c\u3002\u524d\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u76db\u5178\u7684\u6559\u5f92\u7ea63000\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e0a\u6d77\u5305\u4e58\u94c1\u8def\u4e13\u5217\uff0c\u6765\u8005\u6709700\u4f59\u4eba\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e7410\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e3a\u8be5\u5802\u7684\u201c\u671d\u5723\u65e5\u201d\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u706b\u8f66\u4e13\u5217\uff0c\u65e0\u9521\u3001\u82cf\u5dde\u7b49\u6c34\u7f51\u5730\u533a\u6559\u5f92\u4ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u524d\u6765\u671d\u5723\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff098\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u957f\u5b89\u9996\u6b21\u906d\u65e5\u673a\u626b\u5c04\u8f70\u70b8\uff0c\u671d\u5723\u4ece\u6b64\u505c\u987f\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u53c8\u9010\u6e10\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u957f\u5b89\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u76f4\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u90bb\u8fd1\u5404\u5730\u6559\u5f92\u8fc7\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ca\u6caa\u676d\u7b49\u5730\u6559\u5f92\u671d\u5723\u7684\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5927\u3002\u60dc\u4e8e1966\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u52a8\u4e71\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5373\u906d\u5f7b\u5e95\u7834\u574f\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u8bbe\u65bd\u6089\u88ab\u6363\u6bc1\uff0c\u949f\u697c\u88ab\u63a8\u5012\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u3001\u4fee\u5973\u4f4f\u9662\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u2026\u2026\u30021984\u5e74\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u5b97\u6559\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5f52\u8fd8\u4fee\u590d\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u4e4b\u949f\u697c\uff0c2004\u5e74\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u957f\u5b89\u6559\u5802\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e00) \u6c88\u654f\u4fee\uff0c1929\u20141930\uff0c\u6d77\u5b81\u53bf\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u8c2d\u5bb6\u5830\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081929-1930\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e8c)\u4e01\u61cb\u826f\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\u81f31952\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u4e09) \u9648\u52a0\u7984\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u5927\u6d32\u4eba\uff081952\u20141970\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       (\u56db) \u540e\u7531\u5b59\u79c0\u534e\u4fee\u5973\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e73\u6e56\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u53f6\u4f20\u5165\u5e73\u6e56\u30021703\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u5df2\u5efa\u6709\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u662f\u7531\u6700\u65e9\u6765\u5e73\u6e56\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u535c\u6587\u8d77(Louis Porquet\uff0c1671\u20141752)\u6240\u5efa\uff0c\u5730\u5740\u5728\u53bf\u57ce\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u4eca\u68af\u4e91\u6865\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c0f\u5b66(\u5df2\u6539\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c0f\u5b66)\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u6e05\u96cd\u6b63\u7981\u6b62\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u9664\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\u4f9b\u804c\u8005\u5916\uff0c\u5747\u88ab\u9063\u9001\u6fb3\u95e8\u8fd4\u6b27\uff0c\u8be5\u5802\u4e5f\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u6539\u4e3a\u8282\u5b5d\u7960\u3002\u6e05\u672b\u6539\u4e3a\u6dd1\u82f1\u5973\u6821\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u6539\u4e3a\u68af\u4e91\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c0f\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u897f\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802(\u4eca\u79f0\u57ce\u897f\u5929\u4e3b\u5802)\uff1a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u5434\u7eb3\u7235(Ignace Urge\uff0c1840\u20141898)\u6765\u5e73\u6e56\uff0c\u89c1\u90ca\u5916\u6559\u53cb\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081894\uff09\uff0c \u5728\u4eca\u57ce\u897f\u6559\u5802\u5904\u6559\u53cb\u6350\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5efa\u4e864\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u6559\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081898\uff09\uff0c\u5434\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u846c\u4e8e\u7856\u77f3\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u3002\u5434\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u767d\u516c(Basso)\u63a5\u7ba1\u6559\u52a1\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081907\uff09\uff0c\u767d\u795e\u7236\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u7531\u738b\u9053\u751f\u795e\u7236\u7ee7\u4efb\uff0c\u9ec4\u7ecd\u6d4e\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5e74\uff081914\uff09\uff0c\u66fe\u97ec\u9ed8\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u6700\u957f\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31955\u5e74\uff0c\u8ba141\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u65f6\uff0c\u6269\u5efa\u4e86\u897f\u95e8\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u7531\u539f\u67654\u95f4\u6269\u5efa\u4e3a9\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u5efa\u4e86\u949f\u697c\uff0c\u9ad8\u6570\u5341\u4e08\uff0c\u5dcd\u5ce8\u8038\u7acb\uff0c\u6570\u91cc\u5916\u90fd\u80fd\u671b\u89c1\u3002\u8fd8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5e73\u6e56\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u94a2\u7b4b\u6c34\u6ce5\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u795e\u7236\u697c\u3001\u6728\u7ed3\u6784\u4fee\u5973\u697c\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u697c\u3001\u4e66\u623f\u697c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9644\u5c5e\u5e73\u623f\uff0c\u5408\u8ba1\u5e73\u623f22\u95f4\uff0c\u697c\u623f22\u95f4\u548c\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5360\u57302437\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u6c34\u7530\u548c\u6742\u5730\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u76f8\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u897f\u95e8\u6559\u5802\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u6e56\u5802\u5174\u529e\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff1a\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5174\u529e\u4e86\uff1a1\u3001\u7c7b\u601d\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u540d\u5149\u542f\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u94b1\u9521\u6797\u4efb\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u5730\u5740\u5728\u897f\u95e8\u6559\u5802\u533a\u5185\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081944\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u897f\u95e8\u57ce\u5185\u79df\u5f53\u5178\u5c4b\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u5149\u542f\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u65b9\u53d7\u6d77\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u30022\u3001\u5728\u53bf\u57ce\u4e1c\u95e8\u5112\u5b66\u5f04\u5f00\u8bbe\u65bd\u836f\u5c40\uff0c\u7531\u9676\u5b50\u6e05\u3001\u5b63\u5e73\u4e24\u4f4d\u6559\u53cb\u533b\u5e08\u4e3b\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6559\u5802\u533a\u5185\u8bbe\u7b80\u6613\u75c5\u623f\uff0c\u6536\u6cbb\u7a77\u82e6\u75c5\u4eba\u30023\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u6559\u53cb\u516c\u5893\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u57ce\u897f\u6751\u4e09\u7ec4\uff0c\u5360\u57305\u4ea9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u7531\u4e8e\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516c\u76ca\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u6559\u52a1\u8fdb\u5c55\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u591a\u65f6\u66fe\u8fbe\u8fd16000\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5206\u5802\u6709\uff1a1\u3001\u5e99\u5173\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u57ce\u5317\u4e4c\u8239\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\u30021962\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u30022\u3001\u8d75\u5bb6\u6865\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5171\u5efa\u4e61\u590d\u5174\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e94\u5e74\uff081916\uff09\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff09\uff0c\u906d\u65e5\u519b\u70e7\u6bc1\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5802\u5185\u88ab\u67aa\u6740\u6b7b\u96be\u8005\u8fd130\u4eba\uff0c\u957f\u4f4f\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u4e3a\u987e\u52e4\u654f\u5148\u751f\u30023\u3001\u4e1c\u6728\u6865\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u65b0\u4ed3\u4e61\u8054\u7fa4\u6751\u3002\u5efa\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u516d\u5e74\uff081880\uff09\u524d\u540e\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081895\u20141900\uff09\u95f4\uff0c\u7ffb\u4fee\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u70e7\u6bc1\u30024\u3001\u8fd0\u6e2f\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u9ec4\u59d1\u4e61\u8fd0\u6e2f\u6751\u3002\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081920\uff09\u3002\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\uff0c\u6bc1\u4e8e\u65e5\u519b\u70ae\u706b\uff0c\u540e\u76d6\u7b80\u6613\u7ecf\u5802\u30021960\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u30025\u3001\u5357\u95e8\u5b89\u6d5c\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u80dc\u5229\u4e61\u80dc\u5229\u6751\u3002\u5efa\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081890\uff09\u524d\uff0c\u65e9\u4e8e\u897f\u95e8\u6559\u5802\uff0c1962\u5e74\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u30026\u3001\u4e4d\u6d66\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4e4d\u6d66\u9547\u603b\u7ba1\u5f04\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4e4d\u6d66\u4f4f\u6237\u9648\u5b88\u7389\u4e70\u8fdb\uff0c\u7ffb\u4fee\u540e\u7531\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u9a6c\u7c7b\u601d(Louis Maro\uff0c1873\u20141945)\u7167\u7ba1\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u540e\uff0c\u66fe\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u5802\u30027\u3001\u65b0\u5e97\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u6d77\u76d0\u53bf\u6d77\u5858\u6751\u3002\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c1962\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u30028\u3001\u51af\u5bb6\u5e84\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u74e6\u5c71\u4e61\u5efa\u56fd\u6751\u3002\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081922\uff09\uff0c1962\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5357\u6865\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u65b0\u57ed\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5df2\u6709100\u591a\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\u5085\u9053\u5b89\u795e\u7236\u81ea\u65b0\u57ed\u56de\u676d\u5dde\u540e\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u6559\u53cb\u591a\u53d7\u6d17\u4e8e\u677e\u6c5f\u3002\u516d\u5e74\uff081890\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u738b\u5e73\u5b89\u7684\u6559\u53cb\u4e3a\u5efa\u5802\u732e\u51fa10\u4ea9\u6cbc\u6cfd\u7530\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u5efa\u4e862\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6559\u53cb\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081908\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd1600\u4eba\u3002\u9a7b\u7856\u77f3\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u795e\u7236\u97e9\u65e5\u7984\u4e3a\u65b0\u57ed\u7b79\u8d44\u5efa\u5802\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u5efa\u6210\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u53d1\u5c55\u52301000\u4eba\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u9042\u53c8\u6dfb\u9020\u4e86\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u623f\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u623f\u5c4b\u3002\u5e38\u4f4f\u795e\u7236\u6709\u738b\u6064\u6c11\u3001\u56db\u5085\u516c\u3001\u5434\u9053\u5357\u3001\u738b\u5eb7\u6064(1942\u5e74\u88ab\u5730\u75de\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u6c89\u5c38\u6cb3\u4e2d)\u3001\u6731\u660e\u590f\u3001\u59dc\u7ecd\u9f50\u30021966\u5e74\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u67e5\u6284\uff0c\u59dc\u53ca\u4fee\u5973\u5f20\u4f9d\u73cd\u88ab\u9063\u56de\u5404\u81ea\u5bb6\u4e2d\u30021987\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u62e8\u8fd8\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u7ffb\u4fee\u4e86\u5e73\u623f7\u95f4\u30021988\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u53c8\u5411\u6751\u65b9\u4e70\u8fdb\u4e86\u534a\u65b0\u65e7\u76845\u95f4\u6821\u820d\uff0c\u6574\u4fee\u540e\u4f5c\u7ecf\u5802\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e4d\u6d66\u9648\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u662f\u5609\u5174\u5317\u95e8\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u603b\u4fee\u9662\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4e3a\u8be5\u9662\u4fee\u751f\u6691\u5047\u907f\u6691\u800c\u5efa\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u5efa\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u9a6c\u7c7b\u601d\u9009\u5740\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u7763\u9020\uff0c6\u5e74\u540e\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u7531\u9a6c\u5e38\u4f4f\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09\uff0c\u9a6c\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u7531\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u4e54(Czorba)\u4fee\u58eb\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5176\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u6b63\u5802\u7ea6444\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u697c\u623f8\u95f4400\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bbe\u65bd\u7ea6250\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u73b0\u5c1a\u672a\u843d\u5b9e\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8f83\u5c0f\u7948\u7977\u6240\u5c1a\u6709\u591a\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1955\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u6559\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u66fe\u97ec\u9ed8\u56e0\u4e0e\u201c\u4e0a\u6d77\u9f9a\u54c1\u6885\u6848\u201d\u6709\u7275\u8fde\u88ab\u6355\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u75c5\u5371\u9001\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u66fe\u79bb\u53bb\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u88d8\u5fd7\u79b9\u795e\u7236\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\u30021966\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u57ce\u897f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u53d7\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u8d22\u7269\u88ab\u67e5\u5c01\uff0c\u88d8\u548c\u5468\u3001\u5085\u4e24\u4fee\u5973\u88ab\u6e38\u6597\uff0c\u88ab\u8d76\u51fa\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u6218\u6597\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u201d\u30021970\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5317\u516c\u793e\u201c\u9020\u53cd\u6d3e\u201d\u5148\u62c6\u6389\u4e862\u5e62\u697c\u623f\u30014\u5ea7\u5e73\u623f\u30021977\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u53c8\u62c6\u6bc1\u4e86\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u4e0b\u795e\u7236\u697c\u548c\u6bd7\u90bb\u7684\u77ee\u697c\u30021984\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u516c\u793e(\u4eca\u57ce\u5317\u4e61)\u5c06\u5927\u961f\u793c\u5802\u8d54\u8fd8\u6559\u4f1a\u4f5c\u5723\u5802\u30022003\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u5802\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u5360\u5730700\u591a\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u949f\u697c\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u53cb\u7ea63000\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6e14\u6c11\u7ea6\u53601\uff0f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5230\u5e73\u6e56\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7236\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u5434\u7eb3\u7235\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7c4d(1840\u20141898)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u3001\u65b9\u52a0\u7984(Charle Mustel\uff0c1858\u20141914)\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u767d\u516c(Basso)\uff0c\u610f\u7c4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u738b\u9053\u751f\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u9ec4\u7ecd\u6d4e\uff0c\u53f0\u5dde\u592a\u5e73\u53bf(\u4eca\u6e29\u5cad\u4eba\uff0c1862\u20141933)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       6\u3001\u66fe\u97ec\u9ed8\uff0c\u5e38\u5c71\u53bf\u8d64\u5c71\u4eba(1883\u20141959)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       7\u3001\u502a\u5112\u8303\uff0c\u4e1c\u9633\u53bf\u5927\u91cc\u4eba(1887\u20141965)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       8\u3001\u9ece\u70b3\u8f89\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       9\u3001\u6731\u666f\u7199(\u53c8\u540d\u9f99\u5f1f)\uff0c\u5efa\u5fb7\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       10\u3001\u65b9\u8c6a\uff0c\u4f59\u676d\u4eba(1910\u20141980)\uff0c\u540e\u5386\u4efb\u590d\u65e6\uff0c\u8f85\u4ec1\u3001\u6d25\u6cbd\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u53f0\u6e7e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       11\u3001\u91d1\u9f0e(\u53c8\u540d\u6b63\u5c71\uff0cNagy\uff0c1907\u4e00?)\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       12\u3001\u848b\u529f\uff0c\u957f\u5174\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       13\u3001\u6768\u5c39\u8015\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u65e0\u9521\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       14\u3001\u5434\u6cd5\u826f\uff0c\u7856\u77f3\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\uff0c\u906d\u65e5\u519b\u67aa\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       15\u3001\u65b9\u53d7\u6d77\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4e4d\u6d66\u4eba(1914\u20141957)\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u5149\u542f\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       16\u3001\u738b\u4efb\u5149\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u30021948\u5e74\uff0c\u7559\u7f8e\u3002\u66fe\u4efb\u53f0\u6e7e\u8f85\u4ec1\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u9662\u957f\u30021989\u5e74\uff0c\u9000\u4f11\u30021993\u5e74\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4f4f\u53f0\u6e7e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       17\u3001\u5f90\u5145\u826f\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba(1920\u20141985)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       18\u3001\u59dc\u7ecd\u9f50\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u5fb7\u660c\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u5f90\u57ed\u7965\u5729\u6751\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u57ed(\u4eca\u5357\u6865\u4e61)\u4f20\u6559\u591a\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       19\u3001\u9648\u52a0\u7984\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u5927\u6d32\u4eba(1895\u20141970)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       20\u3001\u5468\u4e8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u7984\u559c\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u8d35\u6eaa\u4eba(1897\u4e002006)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       21\u3001\u88d8\u5fd7\u79b9\uff0c\u7ecd\u5174\u4eba(1919\u2014)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e73\u6e56\u6559\u5802\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u66fe\u5230\u8fc7\u6216\u4ee3\u7ba1\u8fc7\u5e73\u6e56\u6559\u52a1\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\uff1a1\u3001\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7\uff081825\u20141827\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u30021864\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u5230\u5e73\u6e56\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u4e8b\u30022\u3001\u6768\u5eb7\u4f2f(Flavin\u3000Gambart\uff0c1835\u20141870)\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u30021865\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u4f20\u6559\u517c\u7ba1\u5e73\u6e56\u6559\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u5e73\u6e56\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u5e73\u6e56\u7c4d\u795e\u7236\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u9648\u5b50\u611a(1839\u20141913)\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u5143\u5e74\uff081851\uff09\uff0c\u5165\u4fee\u9662\u30021868\u5e74\uff0c\u664b\u94ce\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u3001\u987e\u4f2f\u7984(1847\u4e00?)\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081876\uff09\uff0c\u664b\u94ce\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u987e\u5fd7\u5fb7\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u96f7\u4e49(1893\u20141968)\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081923\uff09\uff0c\u664b\u94ce\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u987e\u4f59\u5e86(1898-1942)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1(1906-1966)\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\uff0c\u664b\u94ce\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6e56\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u6559<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e56\u5dde\u6559\u4f1a\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6559\u5802\u5efa\u5728\u6c88\u5bb6\u515c\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u53cc\u6797\u3001\u5357\u6d54\u3001\u5b5d\u4e30\u3001\u5b89\u5409\u3001\u83f1\u6e56\u3001\u957f\u5174\u3001\u6728\u6392\u515c\u3001\u6885\u6eaa\u3001\u9012\u94fa\u7b49\u5730\u5747\u8bbe\u6709\u6559\u5802\u3002\u57ce\u5185\u7ea2\u95e8\u9986\u524d\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u6559\u5802\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u5c5e\u5609\u5174\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002\u56db\u5e74\uff081905\uff09\uff0c\u91d1\u5b9d\u6bbf\u9996\u4efb\u6e56\u5dde\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u5df2\u67091500\u6559\u53cb\u3002\u516d\u5e74\uff081907\uff09\uff0c\u91d1\u8c03\u821f\u5c71\uff0c\u7531\u9676\u7c7b\u601d\u7ee7\u4efb\u3002\u4ec5\u6570\u6708\uff0c\u9676\u8c03\u53f0\u5dde\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u662f\u96f7\u5b8f\u4eae\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u697c\u662f\u4ed6\u7ecf\u624b\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9a6c\u5b89\u5fb7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7ea2\u95e8\u524d\u53e6\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u795e\u7236\u697c\u3001\u5723\u5802\u3001\u5973\u5802\u53ca\u666f\u884c\u5c0f\u5b66(\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u6539\u540d\u4e94\u7231\u5c0f\u5b66)\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff09\uff0c\u9a6c\u8fd4\u82f1\u52df\u8d44\uff0c\u75c5\u6545\u9014\u4e2d\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u9b4f\u9707\u4e1c\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u9ad8\u9686\u5e9e\u4f1a\u4f1a\u58eb\u3001\u6e56\u5317\u6c49\u9633\u6559\u533a\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u5f20\u56fd\u5149\u5230\u6e56\u5dde\u7b79\u5efa\u65b0\u6559\u533a\u3002\u5148\u540e\u5230\u6e56\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7236\u6709\u6d77\u5b81\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u4eba\u5b59\u5f17\u4e4b(\u53c8\u540d\u5112\u5eb5)\u3001\u5434\u5e7f\u626c\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u6bdb\u7ef4\u65b0\u3001\u6bdb\u7ffc\u4e91\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u4e0b\u83e9\u8428\u4eba\u5305\u58ec\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u6e56\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u3002\u6c38\u5609\u4eba\u66fe\u552f\u9053\u5728\u5fb7\u6e05\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081936\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u58ec\u9053\u4ece\u6e56\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u8c03\u5230\u6c88\u5bb6\u515c\uff0c\u540e\u8c03\u53cc\u6797\uff0c1984\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\u59dc\u7ecd\u9f50\u795e\u7236\u4ece\u4e8e\u6f5c\u8c03\u5230\u6e56\u5dde\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u8c03\u5230\u5e73\u6e56\u65b0\u57ed\uff0c1983\u5e74\u75c5\u6545\u3002\u6768\u5c39\u8015\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u65e0\u9521\u4eba\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u57ce\u5185\u3001\u83f1\u6e56\u3001\u5357\u6d54\u4f20\u6559\uff0c1987\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5357\u6d54\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u81f31951\u5e74\uff0c\u6df3\u5b89\u8336\u56ed\u4eba\u6731\u5cf0\u9752\u795e\u7236\u5728\u5b5d\u4e30\u4f20\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u795e\u7236\u7684\u6e56\u5dde\u4eba\u6709\uff1a\u738b\u5fd7\u5143(1868\u4e00?)\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff09\u5e74\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u5f90\u6770\u663e\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081927\uff09\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u83f1\u6e56\u4eba\u6768\u7ecd\u5357\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff1b\u5148\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u4fee\u9662\u6267\u6559\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u524d\u5915\u8d74\u5ba3\u5316\u53c2\u52a0\u4e3b\u5f92\u4f1a\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u540e\u4efb\u8be5\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\uff0c1949\u5e74\u968f\u8be5\u4f1a\u8fc1\u5c45\u53f0\u6e7e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u5230\u6e56\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u9ad8\u9686\u5e9e\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u9664\u5f20\u56fd\u5149\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4efb\u6e56\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u7684\u7f57\u7ef4\u7eb6\u3001\u5e10\u623f\u4e8e\u4e50\u5c71\u53ca\u5ba3\u5c65\u767b\u3001\u8bb8\u58eb\u6770\u3001\u7a46\u5c14\u6590\u3001\u6797\u6770\u7b49\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u6e56\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\uff1b\u5c39\u5f25\u9ad8\u3001\u767dXX\u4f4f\u53cc\u6797\uff0c\u5e72\u536b\u9053\u3001\u897f\u5824\u4f4f\u6c88\u5bb6\u515c\uff0c\u9ad8\u897f\u5824\u4f4f\u5357\u6d54\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f83\u4e43\u4f4f\u6885\u6eaa\uff0c\u7530\u8015\u534e\u3001\u4f55\u614e\u72ec\u4f4f\u5fb7\u6e05\uff0c\u96f7\u632f\u8fdc\u4f4f\u83f1\u6e56\uff0c\u9646\u51ef\u3001\u674e\u5584\u7fa4\u4f4f\u65b0\u5e02\uff0c\u675c\u7267\u6c11\u4f4f\u9012\u94fa\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u9010\u4e2a\u79bb\u53bb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u64a4\u79bb\u7684\u662f\u57281952\u5e7410\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u91d1\u534e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ece\u798f\u5efa\u7ecf\u6d59\u6c5f\u5317\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u4e3a\u6c34\u8def\uff0c\u5170\u6eaa\u662f\u5fc5\u7ecf\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u56db\u5927\u65c5\u6e38\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u548c\u5fb7\u7406(Odoric of Pordenone\uff0c1265\u20141331)\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u7ecf\u6cc9\u5dde\u3001\u798f\u5dde\uff0c\u8fc7\u4ed9\u971e\u5cad\uff0c\u7ecf\u5170\u6eaa\u5230\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u540e\u5317\u4e0a\u5230\u5143\u5927\u90fd(\u4eca\u5317\u4eac)\u3002\u5143\u4ee3\uff0c\u53e6\u4e09\u540d\u610f\u5927\u5229\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u58eb\u54f2\u62c9\u8fbe(Gerard)\u3001\u88f4\u83b1\u683c\u6797(Peregrine of Castello)\u548c\u5b89\u7279\u9c81(Andrew of Perigia)\u5148\u540e\u7531\u5927\u90fd\u5230\u6cc9\u5dde\u5efa\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u8be5\u5730\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u8def\u8fc7\u5170\u6eaa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6765\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u662f\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u660e\u672b\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u4ece\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u8fdb\u5165\u798f\u5efa\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4ed9\u971e\u5cad\u7531\u6c34\u8def\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5170\u6eaa\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u4e24\u57ce\u5185\u5efa\u9020\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u53e6\u5728\u201c\u767d\u6c99\u201d(\u8bd1\u97f3)\u5efa\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u5723\u6bcd\u5802\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u5893\u5730\u3002\u6765\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u6709\u95f5\u660e\u6211(Navarrete)\u3001\u8d39\u7406\u767d(Salpetri)\u3001\u767d\u9053\u660e(Leonaldo)\u3001\u8303\u7406\u683c(Rodriguez de Valle)\u3001\u67ef\u7eb3\u591a(De Coronado)\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u987a\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74\uff081646\uff09\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u676d\u5dde\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u6765\u5170\u6eaa\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u6559\u5802\u3002\u76f8\u7ee74\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u4e24\u5730\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\uff081648\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5170\u6eaa\u4ed8\u6d17250\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u795d\u77f3\u53d7\u6d17\u5165\u6559\u3002\u795d\u77f3\uff0c\u5b57\u5b50\u575a\uff0c\u5584\u6587\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ee5\u533b\u672f\u6e38\u6c5f\u6e56\u95f4\u3002\u65b9\u4ee5\u667a\u300a\u6d6e\u5c71\u524d\u96c6\u300b\u5377\u56db\u300a\u6d41\u5bd3\u8349\u300b\u6709\u793a\u795d\u8bd7\u3002\u300a\u5149\u7eea\u5170\u6eaa\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u4e94\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u300b\u6709\u795d\u77f3\u4f20\u3002\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081661\uff09\uff0c\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u8457\u300a\u9011\u53cb\u7bc7\u300b\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u523b\u5370\uff0c\u6709\u795d\u77f3\u5e8f\u6587\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f20\u4fe1\u90e8\u6863\u6848\u5904\u5c1a\u85cf\u6709\u5eb7\u7199\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74(1684)\u5170\u6eaa\u6559\u53cb\u795d\u77f3\u7b496\u4eba\u6566\u8bf7\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u6559\u7f57\u6587\u85fb\u5230\u5170\u6eaa\u5ba3\u6559\u4e66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u795d\u81ea\u79f0\u5e74\u5df383\u5c81\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u795d\u5165\u6559\u65f647\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u738b\u4e4b\u6625\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u901a\u5546\u59cb\u672b\u8bb0\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5e74(1664)\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u6768\u5149\u5148\u544a\u94a6\u5929\u76d1\u6b63\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u4f20\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u2026\u2026\u6563\u5e03\u90aa\u515a\u4e8e\u6d4e\u5357\u2026\u2026\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u2026\u2026\u5171\u4e09\u5341\u5802\u3002\u201d\u590f\u71ee\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u7eaa\u4e8b\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u4ea6\u8f7d\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u4e1c\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5f92\u5148\u540e\u81f3\u8005\u65e5\u4f17\u2026\u2026\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u757f\u8f85\u5f00\u5802\uff0c\u8513\u5ef6\u5404\u7701\uff0c\u4eac\u5e08\u5219\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e1c\u534e\u95e8\u4e4b\u4e1c\uff0c\u961c\u6210\u95e8\u4e4b\u897f\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u6d59\u6c5f\u5219\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u2026\u2026\u51e1\u5341\u4e09\u7701\u4e09\u5341\u5904\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002\u201d\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u3001\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5747\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5e74\uff081664\uff09\uff0c\u6768\u5149\u5148\u8fde\u4e0a\u4e09\u758f\uff0c\u63a7\u544a\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u9042\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c06\u5404\u7701\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u62bc\u9001\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u8d39\u7406\u767d\u3001\u767d\u9053\u660e\u3001\u67ef\u7eb3\u591a\u4ea6\u88ab\u62bc\u9001\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u95f5\u660e\u6211\u81ea\u52a8\u6295\u6848\u3002\u67ef\u75c5\u5352\u5317\u4eac\u72f1\u5185\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5e7f\u5dde\u2014\u2014\u8f6f\u7981\u6559\u5802\u5185\u3002\u95f5\u660e\u6211\u6f5c\u9003\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u6380\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7eb5\u5bb9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5b97\u65e2\u4e0d\u542c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u8fa9\u89e3\uff0c\u53c8\u5bf9\u5eb7\u7199\u7684\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u4fd7\u793c\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u7f6e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u987e\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u4e0b\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u5f92\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u5eb7\u7199\u6700\u540e\u4e0b\u4ee4\u7981\u4f20\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5212\u5f52\u798f\u5efa\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4f46\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6559\u5f92\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u52a1\u9042\u4e00\u8e76\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u65e5\u8d8b\u8870\u5fae\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u9664\u5c11\u6570\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eac\u516c\u5f00\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u5916\uff0c\u9690\u853d\u5728\u5404\u7701\u7684\u4e2d\u5916\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5341\u5206\u7a00\u5c11\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f57\u6587\u85fb\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u7f57\u867d\u4e3a\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u5f92\u656c\u5b54\u7940\u7956\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u53d7\u5404\u5730\u6559\u5f92\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u5170\u6eaa\u5802\u6539\u4e3a\u8282\u5b5d\u7960\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081696\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u4f1a\u58eb\u5e0c\u4f2f\u7984\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u5c45\u91d1\u534e\u30021838\u5e74\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u8d63\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u5c06\u6d59\u6c5f\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u4e24\u7701\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5212\u5f52\u6cd5\u56fd\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u8d63\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u6d59\u6c5f\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u4e24\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7684\u53cd\u5e1d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u6ce2\u53ca\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6709\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u3001\u53f0\u5dde\u548c\u5b81\u6d77\u53bf\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u56e0\u6559\u5f92\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u6559\u4f1a\u5df3\u5904\u4e8e\u7edd\u8ff9\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u65e0\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u540e\uff0c\u91d1\u534e\u57ce\u5185\u4ed3\u8305\u4ead\u79df\u6709\u6c11\u623f\u6570\u95f4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d3b\u52a8\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u9a7b\u5b88\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u6bcf\u5e74\u5de1\u89c6\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u6b21\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u5b89\u601d\u5b9a\u795e\u7236\u88ab\u6d3e\u6765\u91d1\u534e\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u77f3\u72ee\u5b50\u5934\u4e00\u5904\u56ed\u5730\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u4e1c\u3001\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u91d1\u534e\u5e9c\u5c5e8\u53bf\u5f52\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u4ecd\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u90202\u5c42\u697c\u623f1\u5e62\u3002\u540e\u5b89\u8c03\u5609\u5174\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u738b\u5f0f\u5c14\u795e\u7236\u5230\u91d1\u4e3b\u6301\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u5723\u5802\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u623f\u5c4b\uff0c\u5206\u8bbe\u7537\u5802\u548c\u5973\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u522b\u8bbe\u7acb\u7537\u5973\u521d\u7ea7\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u6536\u7eb3\u6559\u5f92\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6559\u7406\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u529e\u8bca\u6240\u3002\u5148\u540e\u6765\u91d1\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u795e\u7236\u6709\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\u6881\u516c\u6d25\u3001\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\u59dc\u7ecd\u9f50\u548c\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\u65b9\u8c6a\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u5085\u80dc\u3002\u91d1\u534e\u5e9c\u5c5e\u5404\u53bf\u6559\u4f1a\u5168\u5c5e\u91d1\u534e\u5802\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u91d1\u534e\u5404\u53bf\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u623f\u5c4b\u90fd\u662f\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\u5e74\u540e\u9010\u6b65\u8d2d\u7f6e\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6c38\u5eb7\u57ce\u533a\u6559\u4f1a\u623f\u5c4b\u5230\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081946\uff09\u624d\u8d2d\u7f6e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e49\u4e4c\u4e00\u76f4\u79df\u7528\u6c11\u623f\u3002\u91d1\u534e\u9664\u57ce\u5185\u7537\u5802\u3001\u5973\u5802\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u6c64\u6eaa\u9547\u5206\u5802\u3001\u7f57\u57e0\u90b5\u5bb6\u5206\u5802\u3001\u53e4\u65b9\u9547\u5206\u5802\u3001\u5b5d\u987a\u9547\u5206\u5802\u3002\u5170\u6eaa\u6709\u57ce\u5185\u3001\u6d0b\u57e0\u548c\u5973\u57e03\u5802\u3002\u6c38\u5eb7\u6709\u57ce\u533a\u53ca\u5c0f\u7a96\u6731\u4e24\u5904\u3002\u6b66\u4e49\u53ea\u57ce\u5185\u4e00\u5904\u3002\u6d66\u6c5f\u6709\u57ce\u5185\u53ca\u6bdb\u5e97\u4e24\u5904\u3002\u4e1c\u9633\u6709\u57ce\u5185\u3001\u5dcd\u5c71\u3001\u5927\u91cc\u3001\u4e0b\u845b\u3001\u6a2a\u5e97\u3001\u8377\u5e84\u3001\u524d\u5c71\u4f557\u5904\u3002\u5dcd\u5c71\u66fe\u529e\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u62c6\u6bc1\uff0c\u540e\u672a\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u4e1c\u9633\u57ce\u5185\u6559\u4f1a\u623f\u5c4b\u4ea6\u5728\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\u88ab\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u540e\u53e6\u5728\u897f\u95e8\u5916\u5efa\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5e38\u5c45\u5170\u6eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u662f\u738b\u5f0f\u5c14\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u4e8e\u6587\u6e0a\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\u3002\u5e38\u5c45\u6d66\u6c5f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u662f\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u5f6d\u5b66\u6e0a\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4d\u662f\u845b\u90bb\u5b5f\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081949\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\u3002\u5e38\u5c45\u6c64\u6eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u662f\u6f58\u5149\u8f89\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u5eb7XX\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\u3002\u5e38\u5c45\u6b66\u4e49\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u662f\u8881\u4e91\u9e4f\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u3002\u5e38\u5c45\u4e49\u4e4c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u662f\u5468\u514b\u793c\uff0c\u4ea6\u59cb\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u3002\u6c38\u5eb7\u5728\u6297\u6218\u521d\u671f\u624d\u5f00\u6559\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e38\u5c45\u795e\u7236\u662f\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u5085\u80dc\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e1c\u9633\u4e8e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081920\uff09\u540e\u624d\u6709\u795e\u7236\u5e38\u4f4f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u6d77\u5b81\u4eba\u6c88\u9cb2\u5316\uff0c\u6a2a\u5e97\u3001\u8377\u5e84\u3001\u524d\u5c71\u4f55\u3001\u5dcd\u5c71\u7b49\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u90fd\u7531\u4ed6\u4e3b\u6301\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u5927\u91cc\u6559\u5802\u5219\u7531\u91d1\u534e\u5730\u533a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u502a\u6811\u8303\u4e3b\u6301\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5927\u91cc\u4eba\uff0c\u5e7c\u5e74\u5165\u6559\uff0c\u5165\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5609\u5174\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u795e\u54f2\u5b66\u9662\uff0c1918\u5e74\u5347\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4f20\u6559\u4e8e\u5e73\u6e56\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u3001\u53f0\u5dde\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u7ee7\u6c88\u9cb2\u5316\u6765\u4e1c\u9633\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u94b1\u59d3\u795e\u7236(\u8862\u53bf\u4eba)\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6bdb\u7ffc\u4e91\u3001\u6bdb\u7ef4\u65b0\u3001\u6c88\u8fbe\u5f92\u3001\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u52a0\u7c4d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6765\u6b64\u3002\u4e1c\u9633\u662f\u91d1\u534e\u5730\u533a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u6700\u591a\u7684\u53bf\uff0c\u66fe\u8fbe2000\u591a\u4eba\uff1b\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u5269600\u4f59\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u53bf\u90fd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u6587\u9769\u65f6\u5404\u5802\u5168\u88ab\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u6587\u9769\u540e\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u4e1c\u9633\u3001\u6d66\u6c5f\u7b49\u4e03\u5904\u6062\u590d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8862\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u6559<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8862\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u59cb\u4e8e\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6559\u53cb\u59d3\u738b\uff0c\u4e16\u5c45\u8862\u5dde\u4e1c\u95e8\u9a6c\u8def\u91cc\u3002\u540e\u4eba\u738b\u5ef7\u534e\u8bf4\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u66fe\u5728\u660e\u672b\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u624b\u4e0b\u505a\u8fc7\u5b98\uff0c\u540e\u56e0\u6539\u671d\u6362\u4ee3\u548c\u6392\u65a5\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u800c\u5f03\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4e49\u4e4c\u907f\u5c45\u8862\u5dde\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e05\u521d\u6765\u91d1\u534e\u4e00\u5e26\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7c4d\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u987a\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74\uff081646\uff09\uff0c\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u4e24\u5730\u5df2\u5efa\u6709\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u8fde\u7eed\u6709\u8be5\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u5728\u6b64\u4e24\u5730\u9a7b\u5c45\u3002\u5728\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u8ddf\u968f\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u5e0c\u4f2f\u7984\u795e\u7236\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u79e6\u4fee(\u8bd1\u97f3)\u6216\u9053\u52fe(\u8bd1\u97f3)\u6d17\u540d\u82e5\u671b\u7684\u662f\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u4efb\u6559\u5b97\u7279\u4f7f\u94ce\u7f57\u7684\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u540c\u8d74\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u94ce\u7f57\u56e0\u8fdd\u6297\u5eb7\u7199\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u7981\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u53cb\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\uff0c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u79e6\u4ea6\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u6d41\u653e\u6ee1\u5dde\u3002\u8862\u5dde\u4e1c\u95e8\u9a6c\u8def\u91cc\u539f\u6709\u4e24\u7a74\u738b\u6c0f\u7956\u575f\uff0c\u5893\u7891\u523b\u6709\u5eb7\u7199\u58ec\u5bc5\u5e74\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u591a\u660e\u6211\u548c\u4f9d\u6492\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u5b57\u6837\u3002\u5eb7\u7199\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u201c\u58ec\u5bc5\u201d\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u58ec\u5bc5\u201d\u5e74\u4e3a1662\u5e74\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u201c\u58ec\u5bc5\u201d\u5e74\uff0c\u5e94\u53e6\u6ce8\u660e\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5b9a\u738b\u6c0f\u6559\u53cb\u5728\u5eb7\u7199\u5143\u5e74\uff081662\uff09\u524d\u5df2\u8fc1\u5f80\u8862\u5dde\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5eb7\u7199\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081700\uff09\uff0c\u94ce\u7f57\u7684\u968f\u5458\u4f55\u7eb3\u7b03\u5230\u8862\u5dde\uff0c\u66fe\u9047\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u827e\u80b2\u7ff0\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u516b\u5e74\uff081730\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4e25\u7981\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u4ea6\u51e0\u4e4e\u7edd\u8ff9\u3002100\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u6765\u8862\u5dde\u7684\u795e\u7236\u90fd\u662f\u8862\u5dde\u6559\u53cb\u4ece\u798f\u5efa\u7a46\u9633\u8bf7\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u96cd\u6b63\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u6d17\u540d\u591a\u660e\u6211\u7684\u5085\u4f51\u6211\u548c\u6d17\u540d\u8def\u52a0\u7684\u5085\u4f51\u4ec1\u5144\u5f1f\u4fe9\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4ece\u6c5f\u897f\u5357\u4e30\u6f4b\u90fd\u8fc1\u4f4f\u8862\u5dde\u77f3\u6881\u540e\u6d0b(\u540e\u6539\u79f0\u9ebb\u84ec)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0e\u57ce\u5185\u738b\u59d3\u6559\u53cb\u53ca\u90bb\u6751\u8054\u59fb\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8862\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u4e24\u5e9c\u76f4\u5230\u9053\u5149\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081838\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u8d63\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u6b62\uff0c\u5c5e\u798f\u5efa\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u4f20\u6559\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u6d59\u6c5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u529b\u91cf\u6062\u590d\u5b81\u6ce2\u548c\u5b9a\u6d77\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u5802\u5c1a\u672a\u5f52\u8fd8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u6765\u8862\u5dde\u7684\u795e\u7236\u6781\u5c11\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081850\uff095\u6708\uff0c\u66fe\u8bf7\u6c5f\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u548c\u5e7f\u5fb7\u4e3b\u6559\u5230\u8862\u5dde\u4e3a\u674e\u5b89\u5fb7(1813\u20141862\uff0c\u65e0\u9521\u4eba)\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5916\u7525\u8881\u4f2f\u7984\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff099\u6708\uff0c\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u5230\u8862\u5dde\u63a2\u671b\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u5230\u8fc7\u8862\u5dde\u57ce\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u3001\u8d64\u5c71\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u96c6\u4e2d\u6559\u53cb\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u8fc7\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u8bde\u5927\u77bb\u793c\uff0c\u5728\u8d64\u5c71\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c0f\u5802\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5728\u8d64\u5c71\u8fc7\u8036\u7a23\u590d\u6d3b\u5927\u77bb\u793c\uff0c\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u9017\u75598\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\uff081855\uff095\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u4eba\u674e\u739b\u7aa6\u795e\u7236(1794\u20141862)\u6765\u8862\u5dde\uff0c\u4f4f\u77f3\u6881\uff0c\u5efa\u623f12\u95f4\uff0c\u6536\u517b\u4e8650\u540d\u5f03\u5a74\u3002\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081861\uff09\uff0c\u674e\u8c03\u56de\u5b9a\u6d77\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u8881\u4f2f\u94ce\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u80e1\u5112\u8fde(1830\u20141905)\u548c\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\u5085\u9053\u5b89(1823\u20141885)\u7b49\u51e0\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u5148\u540e\u6765\u8862\u5dde\u7ed9\u6559\u53cb\u884c\u5723\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5747\u672a\u4e45\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u540c\u6cbb\u56db\u5e74\uff081865\uff09\u9633\u538610\u6708\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1a\u5168\u7701\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u821f\u5c71\u3001\u676d\u5dde3\u4e2a\u603b\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u5c5e\u676d\u5dde\u603b\u672c\u5802\u533a\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u603b\u672c\u5802\u662f\u5f90\u5fd7\u4fee(Rizzi\uff0c1830\u20141890\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba)\u3002\u5f53\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5f90\u66fe\u5230\u8862\u5dde\u89c6\u5bdf\u6559\u52a1\u3002\u516d\u5e74\uff081867\uff0911\u6708\uff0c\u7530\u5609\u74a7\u4e3b\u6559\u4ea6\u66fe\u6765\u8862\u5dde\uff0c\u540c\u6765\u7684\u767d\u82e5\u7ff0\u795e\u7236(Bret\uff0c1886\u20141895\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u9017\u7559\u7ea610\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081870\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u8212\u9759\u5b89\u795e\u7236(1841\u20141893)\u8c03\u6765\u8862\u5dde\uff1b\u90a3\u5e744\u6708\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u5e9c\u6709\u6559\u53cb368\u540d\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u77f3\u6881\u8bbe\u6709\u7537\u3001\u5973\u5b66\u6821\u54041\u6240\u30021871\u5e74\uff0c\u8212\u79bb\u53bb\uff1b\u6b21\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u966a\u540c\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u4e3b\u6559\u6765\u8862\u5dde\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8862\u5dde\u6709\u6559\u53cb411\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9ebb\u84ec216\u4eba\u3001\u8d64\u5c7158\u4eba\u3001\u78d4\u5c7157\u4eba\u3001\u76f4\u575e\u91cc21\u4eba\u3001\u57ce\u518542\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081873\uff09\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u4eba\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe\u795e\u7236(1823-1893)\u8c03\u6765\u8862\u5dde\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5185\u5929\u540e\u5bab\u9644\u8fd1\u8d2d\u5f97\u4e00\u5c4b\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081876\uff09\uff0c\u5f6d\u4efb\u8862\u5dde\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u9646\u529f\u8fbe\u795e\u7236(Gontharet\uff0c1840-1931\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8862\u5dde\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bbe\u672c\u5802\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u8fd9\u5e74\u6559\u53cb\u96c6\u8d44563\u5143\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u7531\u6559\u533a\u62e8\u6b3e\uff0c\u6269\u5efa\u9ebb\u84ec\u5723\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u56db\u5e74\uff081878\uff09\uff0c\u5f6d\u5230\u6c5f\u5c71\u5f00\u6559\uff0c\u516b\u5e74\uff081882\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u8d2d\u5f97\u82f1\u6cfd\u574a\u6c11\u623f\u3002\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081887\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6c5f\u5c71\u8d2d\u5f972\u5ea7\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u6559\u5802\u3002\u8fd9\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u6709\u6559\u53cb770\u4eba\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u6709\u6559\u53cb10\u540d\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081888\uff09\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\u9648\u5b50\u611a\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u5b89\u5f53\u795e\u7236(Heckman\uff0c1853\u20141893\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u9648\u5b50\u611a\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u5f90\u4ef2\u7ae0\u795e\u7236(1854\u20141895)\u7b49\u540c\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081893\uff09\uff0c\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe\u795e\u7236\u4ece\u676d\u5dde\u6765\u9ebb\u84ec\uff1b\u5f53\u5e744\u6708\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u846c\u4e8e\u9ebb\u84ec\u5723\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081894\uff09\uff0c\u9ad8\u5176\u5fd7\u795e\u7236(Chasle\uff0c1850\u20141921\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba)\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u30021899\u5e74\uff0c\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\uff0c\u8bbe\u4fee\u5973\u5206\u9662\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u4f2f\u94ce\u795e\u7236\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081900\uff09\u590f\uff0c\u7ec8\u5357\u4f1a\u63ed\u7aff\u800c\u8d77\uff0c7\u6708\u8fdb\u5165\u8862\u5dde\u57ce\uff0c\u711a\u6bc1\u57ce\u5185\u53ca\u6c5f\u5c713\u5ea7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7ec8\u5357\u4f1a\u4f17\u88ab\u9547\u538b\u3002\u5085\u8c8c\u7984\u795e\u7236(1850\u20141919\uff0c\u5e38\u5c71\u78d4\u5c71\u4eba)\u5728\u57ce\u5185\u7682\u6811\u5df7\u8d2d\u623f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081901\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u5e9c\u5c7116\u4ea9\u5730\u62e8\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\u5efa\u9020\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5219\u628a\u7682\u6811\u5df7\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u8ba9\u7ed9\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u57ce\u5185\u53ca\u8862\u5dde\u658b\u5802\u8bbe\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u4eba\u9b4f\u6bbf\u57f9\u795e\u7236(Wittib\uff0c1869\u20141914)\u4efb\u91d1\u3001\u8862\u3001\u4e253\u5e9c\u603b\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5728\u8862\u5dde\u6709\u795e\u72365\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u5e743\u5e9c\u6559\u53cb\u8ba11156\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u6d32\u8bbe\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081908\uff09\uff0c\u8d64\u5c71\u3001\u5e99\u4e0b\u3001\u822a\u57e0\u8bbe\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u6234\u601d\u7eb6\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u8862\u3001\u9f99\u3001\u6c5f\u3001\u5e38\u3001\u5f005\u53bf\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u9a7b\u6709\u795e\u72366\u4eba\uff0c\u6559\u53cb2859\u4eba\uff0c\u529e\u6709\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5efa9\u95f4\u623f\u548c\u57f9\u5fb7\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6eaa\u8857\u3001\u82a6\u5cad\u5efa\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u9ebb\u84ec\u5927\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e94\u5e74\uff081916\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u5e9c\u5c71\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u8d56\u5bb6\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u5e38\u5c71\u5317\u95e8\u5802\uff0c\u822a\u57e0\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u5e9c\u5c71\u5927\u5802\u843d\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u7075\u5c71\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u5e74\uff081921\uff09\uff0c\u6234\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u91d1\u5b9d\u6bbf\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u589e\u52a0\u52309\u4eba\uff0c\u6559\u53cb6000\u4eba\uff0c\u5751\u897f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081923\uff09\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u57ce\u5185\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u6a0a\u5bb6\u3001\u6a2a\u5c71\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u658b\u5802\u3001\u5ce1\u53e3\u3001\u5168\u65fa\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u4e01\u61cb\u826f\u795e\u7236(1882\u20141952)\u7ee7\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u795e\u723610\u4eba\uff0c\u6559\u53cb7500\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u76f4\u575e\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u7075\u5c71\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\u738b\u5f0f\u5c14\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6559\u53cb8957\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081936\uff09\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u5434\u56fd\u7115\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6559\u53cb10263\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6885\u5360\u5143(Jos Deymier\uff0c1894\u4e00?)\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u56e0\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u5927\u51cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u6062\u590d\u52301064\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09\u81f31966\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\u674e\u4f69\u4ec1\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u603b\u672c\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1949\u5e74\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6709\u6559\u5802\u548c\u7948\u7977\u624021\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1981\u5e74\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\u5468\u4e8e\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u7edf\u7ba1\u8862\u5dde\u6559\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1987\u5e74\uff0c\u8427\u5c71\u4eba\u5f90\u8d35\u6839\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u8862\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1999\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u9a6c\u5fb7\u73b2\u795e\u7236\u9a7b\u8862\u5dde\u5802\u53e3\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u5e9c\u5c71\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u3001\u76f4\u575e\u3001\u5927\u6d32\u3001\u9f99\u6e38\u3001\u7075\u5c71\u3001\u6c5f\u5c71\u3001\u5e38\u5c71\u7b498\u5904\u3002\u73b0\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u674e\u521a\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u5468\u81f3\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9ebb\u84ec\u5386\u5c4a\u672c\u5802\u4e0e\u5728\u4efb\u5e74\u4efd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1\u3001\u5468\u96c5\u5357(1818\u20141878)\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u96c5\u5404\u4f2f\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u4e34\u5ddd\u4eba\uff0c1848\u20141851\u5e74\u5728\u9ebb\u84ec\u4f20\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2\u3001\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u81f3\u4e94\u5e74\uff081854\u5e749\u6708\u52301855\u5e745\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       3\u3001\u674e\u739b\u7aa6\uff0c\u6d17\u540d\u739b\u7aa6\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u5357\u9633\u4eba\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u4e94\u5e74\u81f3\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081855\u5e745\u6708\u52301861\u5e74\uff09\u4f4f\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       4\u3001\u540c\u6cbb\u4e09\u81f3\u56db\u5e74\uff081864\u20141865\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u6765\u9ebb\u84ec\u7684\u795e\u7236\u6709\uff1a\u8881\u4f2f\u7984(1800\u20141857)\uff0c\u6d17\u540d\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\uff0c\u65e0\u9521\u4eba\uff1b\u80e1\u5112\u8fde\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u6cf0\u548c\u53bf\u4eba\uff0c\u5085\u9053\u5b89\uff0c\u6d17\u540d\u5473\u589e\u7235\uff0c\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\uff0c\u5747\u672a\u4e45\u5c45\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       5\u3001\u767d\u82e5\u7ff0\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u516d\u5e74\uff081867\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       6\u3001\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe\uff0c\u6d17\u540d\u82e5\u7ff0\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081873\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       7\u3001\u90ce\u5b88\u4fe1(Ferrant\uff0c1859\u20141910)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081885\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       8\u3001\u9648\u5b50\u611a(1839\u4e001913)\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081888\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       9\u3001\u5f90\u4ef2\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      10\u3001\u4f0a\u4f2f\u94ce\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081899\uff09\u6765\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      11\u3001\u90ce\u514b\u5fd7(Wilppingen\uff0c1874\u20141906)\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      12\u3001\u5362\u535a\u5947(Laurent Poggi)\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5165\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081904\uff09\u5230\u9ebb\u84ec\u3002\u6bdb\u4ea8\u7ee7\u4efb\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      13\u3001\u6bdb\u51e4\u7fe5\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\u7763\u9020\u9ebb\u84ec\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      14\u3001\u5434\u79c9\u8d24\uff0c\u6d77\u5b81\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u81f3\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081918\u20141922\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      15\u3001\u738b\u5eb7\u6064\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e8c\u81f3\u5341\u4e94\u5e74(1923\u20141926)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      16\u3001\u6bdb  \u4ea8\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081927\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      17\u3001\u987e\u6709\u5149\uff0c\u5e73\u6e56\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u81f3\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081928\u20141929\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      18\u3001\u502a\u6811\u8303\uff0c\u4e1c\u9633\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081931\u20141934\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      19\u3001\u9ece\u70b3\u8f89\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081934\u4e001942\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      20\u3001\u53f6\u9732\u52a0\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081942\u20141946\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      21\u3001\u90d1\u5fc3\u955c\uff0c\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u81f31956\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      22\u3001\u5434\u56fd\u7115\uff0c\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\uff0c1956\u20141958\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      23\u3001\u6731\u5cf0\u9752\uff0c\u6df3\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c1958\u20141959\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      24\u3001\u5468\u4e8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\uff0c1983\u5e74\uff0d2004\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      25\u3001\u853a\u7115\u5f3a\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u4eba\uff0c2001\u5e74\uff0d2006\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u6c5f\u5c71\u672c\u5802\uff1a\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u6bdb\u51e4\u7fe5\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\uff1a\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u6bdb\u7ffc\u4e91\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\u4e01\u798f\u826f\u3001\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u5218\u5ef7\u6ee1\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\u5085\u5b50\u653f\u3001\u9f99\u6e38\u4eba\u9ece\u70b3\u8f89\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u4eba\u738b\u8a00\u7eb6\u3001\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u5468\u5b97\u671d\u3001\u6df3\u5b89\u4eba\u9a6c\u5fb7\u73b2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f4\u575e\u672c\u5802\uff1a\u6297\u65e5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u91d1\u5b9d\u6bbf\u3001\u5085\u5b50\u653f\u3001\u5468\u5d07\u671d\u3001\u90b1\u82e5\u671b\u7b49\u795e\u7236\u907f\u96be\u4f4f\u6b64\u30021993\u81f31997\u5e74\u891a\u53ec\u8f89\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u30021997\u5e7411\u6708\u81f32000\u5e74\u5e95\u5434\u5efa\u65b0\u4efb\u672c\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5e38\u5c71\u672c\u5802\uff1a\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u662f\u6c5f\u5c71\u4eba\u6bdb\u6587\u85fb\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081936\u20141947\uff09\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\u6881\u516c\u6d25\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\u81f31953\u5e74\uff0c\u6881\u8c03\u6df3\u5b89\uff0c\u80e1\u73cf\u7ee7\u4efb\u5e38\u5c71\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6587\u9769\u540e\u65e0\u795e\u7236\u9a7b\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u9f99\u6e38\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081901\uff09\uff0c\u8862\u5dde\u4eba\u5085\u8c8c\u7984\u524d\u6765\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081923\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u5740\u5b66\u524d\u5df7\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u897f\u5f0f\u623f5\u95f4\uff0c\u5e73\u623f7\u95f4\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5b89\u601d\u5b9a\u795e\u7236(August Edouard Henault\uff0c1869\u4e001938)\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u8bbe\u7075\u5c71\u3001\u6e56\u9547\u3001\u6a2a\u5c71\u7b49\u5206\u5802\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u6709\u6bdb\u98ce\u7fe5\u3001\u4e01\u798f\u826f\u3001\u738b\u8a00\u7eb6\u3001\u9ece\u70b3\u8f89\u3002\u6587\u9769\u540e\u7531\u8862\u5dde\u603b\u5802\u517c\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u8862\u5dde\u6559\u4f1a\u6240\u529e\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff1a\u5e9c\u5c71\u6709\u4ec1\u6148\u5802\u3001\u57f9\u624d\u5c0f\u5b66(\u540e\u6539\u79f0\u542f\u609f)\uff0c\u9ebb\u84ec\u6709\u80b2\u5a74\u5802\u3001\u57f9\u4fe1\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u6d32\u82e5\u745f\u5b66\u6821\uff0c \u822a\u57e0\u5c0f\u5b66\uff1b\u6c5f\u5c71\u82e5\u745f\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u9f99\u6e38\u80b2\u5a74\u5802\u3001\u80b2\u5fb7\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u57f9\u5fb7\u5973\u5b50\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u7075\u5c71\u5c0f\u5b66\uff1b\u9042\u5b89\u5de5\u827a\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u540e\u6eaa\u8857\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u5e38\u5c71\u8fbe\u5fb7\u5b8c\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5e9c\u5c71\u3001\u5e38\u5c71\u529e\u6709\u65bd\u8bca\u6240\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e8b\u4e1a\u89e3\u653e\u521d\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u9ebb\u84ec\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081901\uff09\u8bbe\u795e\u7236\u548c\u6559\u53cb2\u5904\u5893\u5730\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b8c\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u8862\u5dde\u603b\u5802\u533a\u6587\u9769\u540e\u6062\u590d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5802\u70b9\u6709\uff1a\u8862\u5dde\u5e9c\u5c71\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u3001\u76f4\u575e\u3001\u5e38\u5c71\u3001\u6c5f\u5c71\u3001\u767d\u77f3\u3001\u5927\u6d32\u3001\u8d64\u5c71\u3001\u540e\u575e\u3001\u5f6d\u6751\u3001\u675c\u6cfd\u7b4915\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282        <\/strong> \u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001<\/strong>\u7b80<\/strong> \u53f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u7701\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6d59\u4e1c\u3001\u6d59\u897f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u65f6\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u7ba1\u8f96\u5b81\u6ce2\u3001\u7ecd\u5174\u3001\u53f0\u5dde\u3001\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u5904\u5dde5\u4e2a\u5e9c\u30021924\u5e74\uff0c\u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6539\u79f0\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u30021947\u5e74\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d59\u4e1c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u9996\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\u662f\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u65f6\uff081910\u20141926\uff09\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u662f\u5b81\u6ce2\u6c5f\u5317\u8349\u9a6c\u8def\u7684\u5927\u7247\u6559\u4f1a\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8349\u9a6c\u8def\u5148\u540e\u8d2d\u8fdb75\u4ea9\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5efa\u666e\u6d4e\u9662\uff0c\uff08\u8be5\u96621861\u5e74\uff0c\u521d\u521b\u4e8e\u836f\u884c\u8857\uff09\u5927\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u3001\u4fee\u5973\u9662\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u7b49\u30021916\u5e74\uff0c\u4fdd\u7984\u5927\u4fee\u9662\u3001\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u603b\u9662\u5efa\u6210\u30021917\u5e74\uff0c\u5473\u589e\u7235\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u548c\u6bd3\u624d\u5b66\u6821\u843d\u6210\u3002\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5927\u6559\u5802\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u4fee\uff0c\u8be5\u5802\u957f150\u5c3a\u3001\u5bbd65\u5c3a\uff0c\u662f1866\u5e74\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u5927\u4fee\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a0\u5efa\u4e86\u9ad8122\u5c3a\u7684\u949f\u697c\uff0c\u7531\u5f90\u4e09\u4e1c\u6559\u53cb\u5177\u4f53\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u52df\u6350\u6765\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\u8d394500\u5143\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u6350\u732e1200\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\uff0c\u4f59\u59da\u82e5\u745f\u5802\u5960\u57fa\uff0c\u6d52\u5c71\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u59d4\u5434\u6bdb\u7984\u4e3a\u9996\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5efa\u5b81\u6ce2\u767d\u6c99\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u677e\u53a6\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u7ecd\u5174\u8bbe\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u5206\u9662\uff0c\u5f00\u529e\u57f9\u5fb7\u5c0f\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5e74\uff081913\uff09\uff0c\u8bf8\u66a8\u6a2a\u5c71\u6768\u5bb6\u697c\u5efa\u5802\u3002\u6a0a\u56fd\u67f1\uff08John Fraser\uff09\u6269\u5efa\u4e34\u6d77\u5802\u52a0\u5efa\u949f\u697c\u3002\u6e29\u5dde\u5f00\u529e\u8463\u82e5\u671b\u533b\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u56db\u5e74\uff081915\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u4e1c\u9633\u5c0f\u897f\u95e8\u8d2d\u9662\u8bbe\u5802\uff0c\u5e73\u9633\u5efa\u9732\u5fb7\u5723\u6bcd\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e94\u5e74\uff081916\uff09\uff0c\u6a0a\u56fd\u67f1\u91cd\u5efa\u5929\u53f0\u5802\uff0c\u4ed9\u5c45\u8d2d\u5730\u5efa\u5802\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u516d\u5e74\uff081917\uff09\uff0c\u94b1\u5e93\u817e\u86df\u5821\u5efa\u5c0f\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u8bf8\u66a8\u9ad8\u57ce\u5934\u5efa\u5802\u3002\u82cd\u5357\u6797\u5bb6\u9662\u5efa\u5c0f\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u7ecd\u5174\u5f00\u529e\u4fbf\u6c11\u5e03\u5382\u3002\u65b0\u6d66\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u91cd\u5efa\u5b81\u6d77\u51e4\u6f6d\u5802\uff0c\u5f00\u529e\u74ef\u6d77\u80b2\u5a74\u5802\uff0c\u4e3d\u6c34\u57ce\u5185\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\u843d\u6210\u3002\u67ab\u6797\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u8c61\u5c71\u5409\u6e2f\u5802\u3002\u65b0\u6d66\u6210\u7acb\u5206\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09\uff0c\u53f0\u5dde\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u53f0\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u3002\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u901d\u4e16\u3002\u7ee7\u4efb\u4eba\u4e3a\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\uff08\u53c8\u540d\u798f\u745e\uff0c\u516c\u51431886~1967\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081904\uff09\u62b5\u534e\uff0c\u5728\u5609\u5174\u6587\u751f\u4fee\u9662\u653b\u8bfb\u795e\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\u9633\u53867\u67083\u65e5\u5728\u5609\u5174\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\u4efb\u65592\u5e74\uff0c\u7ee7\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u57ce\u5185\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4efb\u5927\u4fee\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09\u9633\u538612\u670823\u65e5\u9009\u4efb\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u6b21\u5e745\u670810\u65e5\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u7531\u80e1\u82e5\u5c71\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\u66fe\u53d7\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6388\u4e88\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u7ae0\u30021953\u5e746\u6708\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u6b21\u5e744\u670819\u65e5\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081927\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u6559\u52a1\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u6559\u53cb43118\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u723657\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u5973108\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u5802600\u4f59\u5904\uff0c\u533b\u96623\u6240\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u96626\u5904\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b661\u6240\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b6671\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u5723\u6bcd\u73ab\u7470\u5802\u5960\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff097\u6708\uff0c\u4e3d\u6c34\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e3d\u6c34\u76d1\u7267\u533a\u3002\u5efa\u6148\u6eaa\u900d\u6797\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff081932\uff09\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u795e\u7236\u5f00\u59cb\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u3002\u5efa\u76d0\u820d\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff09\uff0c\u8c61\u5c71\u77f3\u6d66\u6539\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u5b81\u6ce25123\u4eba\uff0c\u821f\u5c713594\u4eba\uff0c\u4f59\u59da5862\u4eba\uff0c\u7ecd\u51742056\u4eba\uff0c\u5b81\u6d77\u3001\u77f3\u6d661356\u4eba\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde33243\u4eba\uff0c\u5408\u8ba152199\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u723682\u4eba\u3002\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u57fa\u672c\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff096\u6708\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u5b81\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u821f\u5c71\uff09\u7ecd\uff0c\u670914\u4e2a\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde8\u4e2a\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u795e\u723680\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1949\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u5730\u533a\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1954\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u6234\u5b89\u5fb7\u4e3b\u6559\u56e0\u201c\u95f4\u8c0d\u6848\u201d\u79bb\u5883\uff0c\u7531\u738b\u8000\u6e90\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u30021955\u5e749\u6708\u738b\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u7531\u65bd\u4f2f\u5e90\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1958\u5e746\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5b81\u6ce2\u5e02\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7231\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f90\u6625\u8302\u4efb\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u5415\u5fb7\u610f\u3001\u8212\u5176\u8c01\u3001\u674e\u6590\u96c5\u3001\u5e84\u4e2d\u6c49\u4efb\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u8212\u5176\u8c01\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u8212\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u7701\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u5408\u529e\u752c\u6c5f\u9152\u5382\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1960\u5e744\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u8212\u5176\u8c01\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d7\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1966\u81f31979\u5e74\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1979\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u6c5f\u5317\u5cb8\u5802\u6062\u590d\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1980\u5e74\uff0c\u8212\u4e3b\u6559\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u5e02\u7231\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1983\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u8212\u4e3b\u6559\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u67f4\u65e5\u6636\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1986\u5e74\uff0c\u987e\u77f3\u5cf0\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u5e02\u7231\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1999\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u8d3a\u8fd1\u6c11\u9009\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u957f\uff0c\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u4efb\u526f\u6559\u533a\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2000\u5e745\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u8d3a\u8fd1\u6c11\u795d\u5723\u4e3a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u795d\u5723\u4e3a\u52a9\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u664b\u7267\u5178\u793c\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u5468\u6751\u6559\u533a\u9a6c\u5b66\u5723\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u793c\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u4e34\u6c82\u6559\u533a\u623f\u5174\u8000\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u804a\u57ce\u6559\u533a\u8d75\u51e4\u660c\u4e3b\u6559\u8944\u793c\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u670920000\u6559\u53cb\u300114\u4f4d\u795e\u7236\u300119\u4f4d\u5df2\u53d1\u613f\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4fee\u5973\uff0c86\u5904\u5df2\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u6559\u5802\u548c\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u5b97\u6559\u653f\u7b56\u540e\u65b0\u5efa\u6216\u7ffb\u5efa\u7684\u5802\uff0c\u5171\u8ba148\u5904\u30022004\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u8d3a\u4e3b\u6559\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u5c31\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u6b63\u6743\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2005\u5e74\u7684\u6559\u533a\u6559\u52a1\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u4e3b\u65591\u4eba\uff0c\u795e\u723618\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u597327\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e74\u8f7b\u4fee\u597325\u4eba\uff0c\u4fee\u751f10\u4eba\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5802\u70b986\u5904\uff0c\u9a7b\u795e\u7236\u7684\u672c\u5802\u533a10\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5802  \u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b81\u6ce2\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u636e\u6234\u624d\u62c9\u8457\u300a\u6fb3\u95e8\u6559\u533a\u300b\uff08Teixeira\uff1aMacao Sua Diocese\uff09\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u79f017\u4e16\u7eaa\u66fe\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5efa\u9020\u6559\u5802\u3002\u660e\u5929\u542f\u516b\u5e74\uff081627\uff09\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7c4d\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u8d39\u4e50\u5fb7\uff08Rodrigue de Figueredo\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u65f6\u5728\u5d07\u796f\u5143\u5e74\uff08\u516c\u51431628\uff09\u3002\u5176\u540e\u65ad\u65ad\u7eed\u7eed\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u6709\uff1a\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081640\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u5b5f\u61e6\u671b\uff08J.Monteiro\uff09\uff1b\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081643\uff09\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e\uff08Fr. Sambias\uff09\uff1b\u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u4e94\u5e74\uff081648\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u536b\u5321\u56fd\uff08Martino Martini\uff09\uff1b\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081659\uff09\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u9a6c\u5170\u58eb\u7b49\u3002\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u66fe\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u5efa\u8fc7\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u6e05\u5175\u6240\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e05\u5eb7\u7199\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081702\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u90ed\u4e2d\u4f20\uff08Gollet\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5185\u73b0\u836f\u884c\u8857\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u5c1a\u65e0\u836f\u884c\u8857\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u53ea\u8bf4\u5728\u7075\u6865\u95e8\u5185\uff09\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u623f\u5c4b5\u95f4\u548c\u5723\u58021\u5ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u96cd\u6b63\u5143\u5e74\uff081723\uff09\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u9053\u4e0a\u8c15\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\uff1a\u6d59\u95fd\u603b\u7763\u6ee1\u5b9d\u594f\uff0c\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u5728\u5404\u7701\u9020\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u884c\u6559\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc3\u6e10\u88ab\u717d\u60d1\uff0c\u8bf7\u5404\u7701\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\uff0c\u9664\u9001\u4eac\u6548\u529b\u5916\uff0c\u4f59\u7686\u5b89\u63d2\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u6539\u4e3a\u516c\u6240\uff0c\u8bef\u5165\u8005\u4e25\u884c\u7981\u7edd\u2026\u2026\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5747\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u3002\u90ed\u4e2d\u4f20\u4e8e\u96cd\u6b63\u4e94\u5e74\uff081727\uff09\u88ab\u9063\u9001\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081741\uff09\u9633\u53861\u67085\u65e5\u6b7b\u4e8e\u6fb3\u95e8\u3002\u6559\u52a1\u65e0\u4eba\u8fc7\u95ee\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u5e78\u514d\u4e8e\u96be\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6562\u9732\u9762\u3002\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e5f\u56e0\u65e0\u4eba\u7167\u7ba1\uff0c\u88ab\u5e02\u6c11\u5145\u4f5c\u6c11\u623f\u6216\u5f00\u8bbe\u5e97\u94fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081842\uff09\u9633\u53865\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u6765\u5b9a\u6d77\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5c9b\u4e0a\u5e76\u65e0\u4fe1\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u501f\u5c45\u82f1\u519b\u5b98\u534e\u4f26\uff08Warren\uff09\u79c1\u4eba\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u81ea\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u540e\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e94\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081845\uff096\u6708\uff0c\u987e\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u89c6\u5bdf\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u8c03\u67e5\u6614\u65e5\u90ed\u4e2d\u4f20\u6240\u5efa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u65e7\u5740\u3002\u662f\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5e94\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u4e4b\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u53d1\u8fd8\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u90ed\u4e2d\u4f20\u5728\u836f\u884c\u8857\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff097\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u79bb\u5f00\u821f\u5c71\uff0c\u5230\u836f\u884c\u8857\u65e7\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u540e\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u4ee5\u6bcf\u5e7435\u5143\u7684\u79df\u91d1\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u65e7\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba2\u7acb\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u5199\u660e\u4efb\u51ed\u6539\u5efa\u6216\u91cd\u5efa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u4e3a\u671f100\u5e74\uff0c\u671f\u6ee1\u53ef\u4ee5\u7eed\u8ba2\u3002\u77f3\u4f2f\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\u53ea\u62d41000\u94f6\u5143\uff0c\u7f3a\u53e3\u5de8\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u987e\u4e3a\u91cd\u5efa\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u66fe\u62df\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u53ca\u6fb3\u95e8\u53d1\u8d77\u7b79\u52df\u5efa\u5802\u57fa\u91d1\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e08\u91cf\u4e86\u5730\u57fa\uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a190\u5c3a\u3001\u5bbd56\u5c3a\uff0c\u539f\u5899\u4e0d\u8ba1\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e1a\u5df2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8d2d\u5165\u7684\u5317\u9762\u8def\u65c1\u97e9\u5bb6\u623f\u5c4b\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u5730\u57fa\u5171\u8ba1300\u5c3a\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u57fa\uff0c\u62df\u56f4\u9632\u706b\u5899\uff0c\u5899\u5185\u5efa\u9020\u5723\u5802\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4f4f\u5b85\u30011\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5723\u5802\u5185\u6709\u697c\u53f0\uff0c\u5802\u524d\u9020\u95e8\u9762\u548c\u4e24\u5ea7\u949f\u5854\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5efa\u7b51\u6728\u6599\u3001\u7816\u77f3\u7b49\u7ea61.2\u4e07\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff096\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5317\u4fa7\u4e70\u8fdb\u5730\u57fa\u82e5\u5e72\u4ea9\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u5757\u957f300\u4f59\u5c3a\u3001\u5bbd60\u5c3a\u81f380\u5c3a\u7684\u5730\u57fa\uff0c\u4e24\u7aef\u4ee5\u516c\u8def\u4e3a\u754c\u3002\u5802\u5916\u56db\u5740\uff1a\u5357\u81f3\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5899\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u5317\u81f3\u5b98\u6cb3\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u4e1c\u81f3\u94b1\u674e\u4e24\u59d3\u5899\u811a\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u897f\u81f3\u539d\u5730\u53ca\u97e9\u59d3\u5c0f\u5c4b\u660e\u5802\u4e3a\u754c\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5185\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u5750\u5317\u671d\u5357\u5c0f\u5c4b3\u95f4\u3001\u4e1c\u5ed3\u5c4b3\u95f4\u4e24\u5df7\u3001\u4e1c\u9762\u7a7a\u5df7\u4e00\u6761\u3001\u4e2d\u540e\u4e24\u95e8\u3001\u5c0f\u6865\u4e00\u6761\u3001\u897f\u9762\u4e00\u5df7\u4e00\u62ab\u3001\u5899\u95e8\u4e00\u95f4\u3001\u53c8\u897f\u540e\u4f59\u5c4b2\u95f4\u3001\u53c8\u897f\u4f59\u5c4b\u534a\u95f4\u3001\u524d\u540e\u660e\u5802\u3001\u4e95\u4e00\u53e3\uff0c\u51fa\u8def\u4ff1\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081847\uff09\u9633\u53866\u6708\uff0c\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u52a8\u5de5\u5efa\u9020\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u5171\u8ba1\u697c\u5c4b5\u95f4\uff0c\u5c4b\u524d\u7b51\u6709\u8d70\u5eca\uff0c9\u670815\u65e5\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u5171\u82b11100\u5143\u3002\u65b0\u5efa\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e0a\u5c42\uff0c\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3300\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u6682\u4f5c\u4e34\u65f6\u5723\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081848\uff09\uff0c\u7ecf\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u65fa\u7eb3\uff08Forth Ruen\uff09\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u4e0e\u9053\u53f0\u5546\u6d3d\uff0c\u8d4e\u56de\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5927\u5757\u6559\u4f1a\u65e7\u5740\uff1b\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u8d2d\u5f97\u76f8\u90bb\u4e00\u5757\u5730\u57fa\u3002\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u57fa\u6210\u4e3a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081850\uff09\uff0c\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u5347\u4e3a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081853\uff09\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5802\uff0c\u9020\u4ef7\u7ea6\u8ba125000\u6cd5\u90ce\uff0c\u6b21\u5e745\u6708\u5efa\u6210\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081855\uff09\u9633\u53867\u67086\u65e53\u65f6\uff0c\u5012\u584c\uff0c\u5e78\u65e0\u4eba\u4f24\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u540c\u6cbb\u56db\u5e74\uff081865\uff09\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5723\u6bcd\u5347\u5929\u5802\u201d\uff1b\u53e6\u8fd8\u52a0\u5efa\u795e\u7236\u697c\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\u5927\u4fee\uff0c\u5316\u8d444500\u5143\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1200\u5143\u662f\u6559\u53cb\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u52a0\u5efa\u949f\u697c\u9ad8122\u5c3a\uff0c\u9876\u7aef\u7ad63\u7c73\u9ad8\u7684\u94c1\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u58ee\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1966\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6210\u4e86\u5e02\u8d8a\u5267\u56e2\u7684\u821e\u7f8e\u5de5\u573a\uff1b\u57281978\u5e74\u5efa\u5e02\u8d8a\u5267\u5927\u697c\u65f6\uff0c\u949f\u697c\u5012\u584c\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u795e\u7236\u697c\u5f52\u8fd8\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c1990\u5e74\u6bc1\u4e8e\u706b\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u9ec4\u658c\u76db\u6559\u53cb\u4fee\u590d\u3002\u81f31991\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5f52\u8fd8\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u6210\u5371\u623f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1992\u5e74\uff0c\u53d7\u836f\u884c\u8857\u9053\u8def\u62d3\u5bbd\u6539\u9020\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u539f\u5730\u5df2\u65e0\u6cd5\u91cd\u5efa\u6559\u5802\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u65e7\u57ce\u6539\u9020\u65f6\uff0c\u9ec4\u658c\u76db\u521b\u529e\u7684\u623f\u4ea7\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u539f\u6559\u5802\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5411\u5317\u540e\u900040\u7c73\uff0c\u62c6\u8fc1\u5c45\u6c11100\u591a\u6237\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5360\u57305400\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6559\u5802\u7528\u5730\u30021995\u5e746\u6708\u8fdb\u884c\u65bd\u5de5\uff0c\u57282000\u5e746\u6708\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u8d39\u7528\u8fbe4000\u4f59\u4e07\u5143\u3002\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u53cc\u949f\u697c\u6559\u5802\u3001\u4e94\u5c42\u795e\u7236\u697c\u53ca\u5730\u4e0b\u8f66\u5e93\u603b\u5171\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a9800\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u73b0\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u8be5\u5802\uff0c\u96c6\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f0f\u3001\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\u9020\u578b\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5357\u5317\u957f51\u7c73\uff0c\u4e1c\u897f\u5bbd22\u7c73\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u810a\u9ad831\u7c73\uff0c\u949f\u697c\u9ad866\u7c73\uff0c\u9876\u4e0a\u51a0\u4ee5\u9ad86\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd4\u7c73\u7684\u4e0d\u9508\u94a2\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5e73\u9762\u5448\u5341\u5b57\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u795e\u7236\u697c\u7684\u4e8c\u697c\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6559\u5802\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e8c\u5343\u4eba\uff08\u5ea7\u4f4d\u5343\u4e2a\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5802\u6b63\u9762\u5927\u95e8\u91c7\u752880\u5428\u7684\u82b1\u5c97\u77f3\u5236\u4f5c\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5927\u5385\u4ee5\u82b1\u5c97\u77f3\u88c5\u9970\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u5168\u5802\u95e8\u7a97\u91c7\u7528\u5f69\u8272\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u5706\u7a97\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u5723\u4f53\u7684\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u95e8\u7a97\u5219\u7528\u5723\u7ecf\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u56fe\u6848\u2026\u2026\u3002\u796d\u53f0\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u516b\u5341\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u534a\u5706\u578b\u62f1\u9876\uff0c\u7ed8\u4ee5\u5929\u4e3b\u5723\u4e09\u4e3a\u5723\u6bcd\u52a0\u5195\u7684\u5723\u50cf\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u4e94\u53ea\u534a\u5706\u578b\u5c0f\u62f1\u9876\u64ce\u6258\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u5927\u5802\u4e8c\u5c42\u5c4b\u9762\u4e3a\u9752\u77f3\u7409\u7483\u8986\u76d6\uff0c\u6cbf\u6a90\u9752\u77f3\u680f\u6746\u56f4\u62a4\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u77f3\u7b0b\u88c5\u9970\uff0c\u6c14\u52bf\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u4e14\u53c8\u53e4\u6734\u5178\u96c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u60ac\u6302\u572860\u7c73\u9ad8\u7a7a\u949f\u697c\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u949f\uff0c\u662f\u836f\u884c\u8857\u6559\u5802\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9057\u7269\u3002\u65b0\u843d\u6210\u7684\u6559\u5802\u89c4\u6a21\u5b8f\u4f1f\uff0c\u5927\u5385\u810a\u9ad8\u3001\u949f\u697c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u73b0\u6709\u6559\u5802\u4e4b\u6700\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u836f\u884c\u8857\u672c\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u836f\u884c\u8857\u3001\u96c6\u4ed5\u6e2f\u3001\u5949\u5316\u5927\u6865\u3001\u7578\u5c71\u3001\u677e\u5c99\u4e94\u4e2a\u5802\u70b9\uff0c2000\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\u6709\u6559\u5f921200\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c5f\u5317\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e05\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081872\uff09\u5efa\uff0c\u540d\u5723\u6bcd\u4e03\u82e6\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u4e2d\u9a6c\u8def2\u53f7\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef4380\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5177\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\u98ce\u8c8c\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7b52\u74e6\u3001\u5c0f\u9752\u74e6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7b51\u6750\u6599\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u62ac\u6881\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4f18\u79c0\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u91cd\u70b9\u6587\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5355\u4f4d\u30021876\u5e74\u8d77\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6559\u5e38\u9a7b\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u4e3b\u6559\u516c\u7f72\u3001\u85cf\u7ecf\u697c\u7b49\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081887\uff09\uff0c\u6dfb\u5efa\u949f\u697c\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021980\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u53ca\u90e8\u5206\u9644\u5c5e\u623f\u5f52\u8fd8\uff0c\u540c\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5\u590d\u5802\uff0c\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6b63\u95e8\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u642c\u8fc1\u5e76\u62c6\u9664\u30021993\u5e74\uff0c\u821f\u5d4a\u540e\u52e4\u90e8\u9000\u8fd8\u4e3b\u6559\u516c\u7f72\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u62c6\u9664\u540e\u5efa\u8bbe\u5916\u6ee9\u516c\u56ed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c5f\u5317\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u6c5f\u5317\u3001\u6148\u57ce\u3001\u4e0b\u90b5\u3001\u67f4\u6865\u3001\u795e\u9a6c\u3001\u9547\u6d77\u57ce\u5173\u3001\u5c9a\u5c71\u4e03\u4e2a\u5802\u70b9\u30022000\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\u5171\u8ba1\u6559\u5f92900\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f59\u59da\u3001\u6148\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa\u5728\u4f59\u59da\u666f\u5bb6\u6865\u66fe\u5efa\u6709\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\uff081730\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6d59\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u540e\uff0c\u666f\u5bb6\u6865\u5802\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff09\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u6210\u7acb\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u4f59\u59da\u6559\u52a1\u4e5f\u6e10\u6e10\u590d\u82cf\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74\uff081868\uff09\uff0c\u9a6c\u5b97\u826f\uff08\u672c\u7b03\uff09\u795e\u7236\u5230\u4f59\u59da\u5efa\u5802\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u5723\u5341\u5b57\u5802\uff0c\u8bbe\u4e00\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u59d3\u8463\u7684\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u8d1f\u8d23\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5171\u67094\u95f4\u623f\uff0c1\u95f4\u4f5c\u5c0f\u5723\u5802\uff0c1\u95f4\u7528\u4f5c\u8463\u7684\u623f\u95f4\uff0c2\u95f4\u4f5c\u6559\u5ba4\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081893\uff09\u9633\u538612\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u4f2f\u94ce\u6d3e\u59da\u82b3\u5ead\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u5230\u4f59\u59da\u67e5\u8bbf\uff0c\u67e5\u5230\u539f\u5802\u90e8\u5206\u6559\u53cb\u4f4f\u7528\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u5916\u6559\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002\u6b21\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u5230\u4f59\u59da\u4ed8\u7ed9\u6559\u5916\u4eba16\u5143\u94f6\u5143\u4e70\u56de\uff0c\u8fde\u5176\u4ed6\u8d39\u7528\u5171\u507f\u4ed830\u5143\u94f6\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4f59\u59da\u5df2\u6709\u6559\u53cb250\u4eba\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\uff0c\u4f59\u59da\u57ce\u5317\u65b0\u82e5\u745f\u5802\u4e3e\u884c\u5960\u57fa\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5b81\u6ce2\u672c\u5802\u662f\u8bf8\u66a8\u4eba\u5b59\u5112\u671b\uff08\u516c\u51431871-1913\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u987e\u95ee\u548c\u79d8\u4e66\uff09\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u9047\u5927\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u5165\u6559\u8fbe600\u4eba\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u6d52\u5c71\u79df\u623f\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u5434\u6bdb\u7984\u9996\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u56db\u5e74\u81f3\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081915-1930\uff09\uff0c\u65b9\u5fd7\u624d\uff08\u6e29\u5cad\u4eba\uff09\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081931-1940\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u4eba\u9879\u683c\u601d\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u516d\u5e74\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081917-1938\uff09\u662f\u59da\u5317\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u6559\u53cb\u4e0d\u65e5\u589e\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u6210\u7acb\u5206\u5802\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u6d52\u5c71\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u516d\u5e74\uff081917\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u574e\u58a9\u516d\u7076\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u900d\u6797\u6c99\u6ee9\u8def\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u4e0b\u4e8c\u7076\u76f8\u516c\u6bbf\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u65b0\u6d66\u6cbf\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u9ad8\u738b\u9f99\u623f\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u5e74\uff081921\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5321\u5830\u4f0d\u5bb6\u677f\u6865\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u5e74\uff081921\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u60a6\u6765\u5e02\u5927\u9053\u5730\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u738b\u5bb6\u57ed\u4e1c\u9996\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u754c\u5830\u8def\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u80dc\u5c71\u4e1c\u5317\u5f20\u4e01\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u957f\u80dc\u5e02\u65ad\u5934\u6e7e\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u76d0\u820d\u8170\u5858\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5468\u5df7\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5eb5\u4e1c\u897f\u9996\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u80dc\u5c71\u5357\u62d4\u8239\u5858\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u4e0b\u6d0b\u6d66\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5f6d\u6865\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081936\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u957f\u6cb3\u5e02\u5802<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\u3002\u4f59\u59da\u6559\u53cb\u8fbe3400\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\u589e\u81f34500\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff09\u8fbe5000\u4f59\u4eba\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e3a\u59da\u5317\u6559\u53cb\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1938\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u5802\u6559\u53cb\u7edf\u8ba1\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\uff08\u8339\u6f2a\u4ead\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

       \u539f\u6148\u6eaa\u53bf\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u5c71\u5357\u4e09\u4e03\u5e02\u7684\u5927\u6c60\u58a9\u548c\u53a2\u56db\u623f\u6751\uff0c\u6709200\u5de6\u53f3\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u65b9\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u4f46\u6148\u5317\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u5165\u6bd4\u4f59\u59da\u65e9\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081896\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u6d3e\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u5728\u4e1c\u57e0\u5934\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081900\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u8bbe\u7acb\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u5c5e\u5b81\u6ce2\u5802\u533a\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u89c2\u6d77\u536b\u5357\u95e8\u5916\u8bbe\u7acb\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081910\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u9547\u4e0b\u8425\u8857\u5efa\u201c\u65e0\u539f\u7f6a\u5723\u6bcd\u5802\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u5b81\u6ce2\u6d3e\u9a7b\u795e\u7236\u3002\u5148\u540e\u4f4f\u8fc75\u4f4d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6cd5\u7c4d\u3001\u6bd4\u7c4d\u54041\u4eba\u3002\u89c2\u6d77\u536b\u672c\u5802\u533a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e863\u4e2a\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u9644\u573a\u5730\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\uff081935\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u5927\u9634\u6d1e\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u6dde\u6d66\u6d77\u5c4b\u5f20\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u89c2\u6d77\u536b\u672c\u5802\u533a\u5171\u8ba1\u6559\u5f92572\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1954\u5e74\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u91cd\u65b0\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4e09\u5317\u5730\u533a\uff08\u59da\u5317\u3001\u6148\u5317\u3001\u9547\u5317[\u9547\u6d77\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u9f99\u5c71\u533a]\uff09\u5efa\u4e3a\u6148\u6eaa\u53bf\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6148\u6eaa\u53bf\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u6559\u5f92\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7ea6\u670912500\u4eba\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u6559\u533a\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u5f00\u653e24\u4e2a\u5802\u70b9\u3002\u800c\u4f59\u59da\u53bf\u7684\u6559\u5f92\u53ea\u6709550\u4eba\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5802\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4f59\u59da\u57ce\u5173\u548c\u4e09\u4e03\u5e02\u4e24\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f59\u59da\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6e05\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\u5e74\u5efa\uff0c\u540d\u82e5\u745f\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u5802\u5740\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u4e1c\u8def218\u53f7\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef976\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021966\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\u30021982\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u539f\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u5b85\u6539\u4f5c\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u9633\u660e\u4e1c\u8def76\u53f7\u91cd\u5efa\u4f59\u59da\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002\u6559\u5802\u5206\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u5c42\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u8ba1964.55\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef369.68\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4f59\u59da\u66fe\u662f\u603b\u5802\uff0c\u6148\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u4f59\u59da\u603b\u5802\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u795e\u7236\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u90fd\u53d1\u6325\u8fc7\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f59\u59da\u603b\u5802\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u5802\u533a\u4e3b\u4efb\uff08\u5373\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\uff09\u548c\u52a9\u7406\u53f8\u94ce\uff08\u5373\u526f\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\uff09\u5217\u8868\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5434\u94a6\u534e\u517c\u4efb\u4f59\u59da\u672c\u5802\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u56db\u5e74\uff081915\uff09\uff0c\u65b9\u8fbe\u9661\uff08\u65b9\u5fd7\u624d\uff09\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\u8c03\u51fa\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u9a8f\u81e3\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff097\u6708\uff0c\u91d1\u6307\u5357\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u5468\u4fe1\u4e4b\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff091\u6708\uff0c\u676d\uff08\u9879\uff09\u683c\u601d\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff08\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff091\u6708\uff0c\u6c88\u9a8f\u81e3\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e741\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff097\u6708\uff0c\u9648\u89c9\u6c11\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e741\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff091\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u8000\u539f\u8c03\u8fdb\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff096\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff097\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u8339\u6f2a\u4ead\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff096\u6708\uff0c\u5434\u7965\u9716\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081934\uff097\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u738b\u94ed\u00ad\u60e0\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081935\uff093\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u53f6\u4e4b\u836b\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081939\uff0912\u670830\u65e5\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081936\uff097\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u6c6a\u5982\u6d77\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081942\uff093\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff097\u6708\uff0c\u9648\u4fdd\u7984\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5f53\u5e7412\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081939\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5b9a\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5f53\u5e7412\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff091\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u8000\u539f\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081944\uff091\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff093\u6708\uff0c\u9646\u8d5b\u5c14\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e741\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081941\uff094\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5468\u4fe1\u534e\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081943\uff09\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081942\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u9a8f\u81e3\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081943\uff091\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u82e5\u6c34\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e748\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081944\uff092\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u8339\u6f2a\u4ead\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c1958\u5e74\u5378\u672c\u5802\u804c\u4efb\u52a9\u7406\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081944\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u8d3a\u8fd1\u6c11\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c1951\u5e741\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081944\uff097\u6708\uff0c\u59da\u5b97\u76d1\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff098\u6708\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09\uff0c\u90d1\u5e0c\u6b63\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081946\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u9a8f\u81e3\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff098\u6708\uff0c\u5468\u4fe1\u534e\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c1958\u5e74\u8c03\u79bb\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1949\u5e74\uff0c\u8d75\u5176\u677e\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1958\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u82e5\u6c34\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c1963\u5e7411\u670811\u65e5\u4ea1\u6545\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1963\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u8339\u6f2a\u4ead\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c1980\u5e741\u670813\u65e5\u4ea1\u6545\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1980\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8d75\u5176\u677e\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1995\u5e745\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u8d75\u5176\u677e\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u56e0\u795e\u7236\u7f3a\u5c11\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u795e\u7236\u517c\u4efb\uff0c\u672a\u8bbe\u4e13\u804c\u672c\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d52\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u80e1\u8363\u745e\u3001\u697c\u5b9a\u6000\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u6210\u4e86\u6d52\u5c71\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6d52\u5c71\u5468\u8fb9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5929\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u51d1\u94b1\u5728\u73b0\u6d52\u5c71\u4e1c\u95e8\u6210\u5174\u6865\u65c1\u79df\u4e86\u4e09\u95f4\u6c11\u623f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u589e\u5230100\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e09\u95f4\u7948\u7977\u6240\u4eba\u6ee1\u4e3a\u60a3\uff0c\u9042\u53e6\u5728\u6d52\u5c71\u5357\u95e8\u5916\u848b\u5bb6\uff0c\u53e6\u79df\u516d\u95f4\u6c11\u623f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u6d52\u5c71\u6559\u53cb\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e09\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u539f\u7948\u7977\u6240\u53c8\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u6559\u53cb\u805a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u53c8\u96c6\u8d44\u5411\u7cd6\u574a\u963f\u52c7\u4e70\u4e0b\u53cc\u773c\u4e95\u5934\u7684\u516d\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\u548c\u7ea6\u4e8c\u4ea9\u6742\u5730\uff0c\u62c6\u6389\u65e7\u5c4b\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u56db\u95f4\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6d52\u5c71\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5360\u7528\uff1b\u4f2a\u548c\u5e73\u519b\u66fe\u5728\u6559\u5802\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u9020\u8fc7\u70ae\u53f0\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\u3002\u571f\u6539\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u88ab\u6ca1\u6536\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u591a\u5bb6\u5355\u4f4d\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u529e\u8fc7\u9ebb\u5382\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5382\u3001\u642c\u8fd0\u516c\u53f8\u7b49\uff0c\u540e\u7531\u623f\u7ba1\u5904\u63a5\u6536\uff0c\u62c6\u6389\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u53bf\u623f\u7ba1\u5904\u673a\u5173\u7528\u623f\u3002\u6559\u53cb\u88ab\u8feb\u4e2d\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1986\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e09\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6559\u573a\u5c71\u811a\u62e8\u5730\u53e6\u5efa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u30021989\u5e74\u52a8\u5de5\uff0c1990\u5e74\u7ae3\u5de5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u5802\u5efa\u6709\u4e94\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u5bb9\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u767e\u6559\u53cb\u3002\u968f\u7740\u57ce\u533a\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u738b\u6c5f\u98de\u795e\u7236\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u5802\u5317\u9996\u7684\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u6269\u5efa\u4e86\u4e8c\u95f4\u534a\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u4f7f\u5927\u5802\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6d52\u5c71\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u9ad8\u738b\u3001\u957f\u6cb3\u3001\u5eb5\u4e1c\u3001\u4e0b\u4e8c\u7076\u3001\u574e\u58a9\u3001\u5927\u9053\u5730\u3001\u5927\u4e91\u3001\u5085\u897f\u3001\u4f59\u59da\u3001\u4e09\u4e03\u5e02\u5341\u4e2a\u5802\u53e3\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u6559\u5f92\uff1a\u6d52\u5c71\u5802\u533a2500\u4eba\uff0c\u4f59\u59da550\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65b0\u6d66\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u65b0\u6d66\u624d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5987\u5973\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u53f6\u752b\u4ec1\u4fe1\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\uff081914\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u53f6\u752b\u4ec1\u7684\u5802\u524d\u95f4\u8bbe\u8d77\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5230\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\uff0c\u5802\u524d\u95f4\u5df2\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4e0b\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u7684\u805a\u4f1a\uff0c\u9042\u5728\u4f59\u5bb6\u8def\u6751\u8d2d\u623f\u4e09\u95f4\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u5802\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\uff0c\u4e09\u95f4\u623f\u5c4b\u53c8\u5acc\u5c0f\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u65b0\u6d66\u6cbf\u539f\u7cae\u7ad9\u5904\uff0c\u4e70\u8fdb\u516d\u4ea9\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e94\u95f4\u6559\u5802\u53ca\u4e09\u95f4\u9644\u5c5e\u623f\u5c4b\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6559\u53cb\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5728\u9879\u683c\u601d\u4efb\u4f59\u59da\u5802\u533a\u672c\u5802\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53c8\u6269\u5efa\u4e86\u56db\u95f4\u5802\u5c4b\u548c\u56db\u95f4\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u949f\u697c\u548c\u4e24\u95f4\u7076\u95f4\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff09\u65f6\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u65b0\u6d66\u5802\u5c31\u6709\u6559\u53cb751\u4eba\uff0c\u6155\u9053\u53cb65\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6587\u9769\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5f02\u5730\u91cd\u5efa\u30021986\u5e7412\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u6e58\u6751\u4e94\u5858\u6c5f\u5317\u5904\uff0c\u7834\u571f\u52a8\u5de5\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u5802\u30021987\u5e741\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u5b8c\u5de5\u3002\u5efa\u6709\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u5168\u957f28\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd13\u7c73\uff0c\u8ba1364\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u697c\u623f\u56db\u95f4\uff0c\u8ba1220\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u7076\u95f4\u3001\u95e8\u623f\u8ba180\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021997\u5e74\uff0c\u80e1\u8d24\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u65f6\uff0c\u539f\u6559\u5802\u5df2\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4f17\u591a\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u62c6\u9664\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u6709\u4e8c\u4e2a\u949f\u697c\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u5802\u3002\u65b0\u5802\u5168\u957f44\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd22\u7c73\uff0c\u5206\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e8c\u5c42\uff0c\u4e0b\u5c42\u662f\u5c0f\u5802\u548c\u8f66\u5e93\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c42\u662f\u5927\u5802\u548c\u5531\u7ecf\u697c\u3002\u5c0f\u5802\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3400\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb31200\u4eba\uff0c\u603b\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u8ba12692\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f2206\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5802\u533a\u5360\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u4e03\u4ea9\u534a\u3002\u5efa\u5802\u8d44\u91d1\uff1a\u6559\u5f92\u5949\u732e\u4e00\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9648\u6c11\u660c\u6559\u53cb\u5949\u732e\u56db\u5341\u4e07\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7531\u6559\u533a\u652f\u4ed8\u3002\u603b\u9020\u4ef7\u8fbe\u4e09\u767e\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\u5143\u3002\u65b0\u6d66\u5802\u662f\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u533a\u6559\u5f92\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5802\u53e3\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u5f922500\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u65b0\u6d66\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u65b0\u6d66\u3001\u8170\u5858\u3001\u4e1c\u6d77\u3001\u9644\u6d77\u3001\u4e94\u5858\u5357\u3001\u80dc\u5c71\u3001\u4e0b\u6d0b\u6d66\u4e03\u4e2a\u5802\u53e3\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u5171\u67096500\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8170\u5858\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\u5efa\u5728\u65b0\u6d66\u9547\u8170\u5858\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef345\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021958\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6539\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u53e6\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u6b21\u6269\u5efa\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6559\u5802\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef600\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef1172\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u4e94\u4ea9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u900d\u6797\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e03\u5e74\uff081918\uff09\u8bbe\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081931\uff09\u5728\u62e9\u6d66\u4e61\u6c99\u6ee9\u8def\u6751\u5efa\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef408\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021957\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6539\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u30021986\u5e74\u590d\u5802\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u4e94\u4ea9\uff0c\u662f\u900d\u6797\u672c\u5802\u533a\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u30021997\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5e38\u4f4f\u795e\u7236\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u900d\u6797\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u900d\u6797\u3001\u5929\u4e1c\u3001\u4f0d\u5bb6\u677f\u6865\u3001\u738b\u5bb6\u57ed\u3001\u89c2\u57ce\u3001\u62d4\u8239\u5858\u3001\u957f\u5c90\u3001\u9f99\u5c71\u5730\u820d\u516b\u4e2a\u5206\u5802\u3002\u5171\u8ba1\u6709\u6559\u5f923100\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe300\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6559\u5802\u8fd8\u6709\uff1a\u5eb5\u4e1c\u3001\u9ad8\u738b\u3001\u9644\u6d77\u3001\u4f0d\u5bb6\u677f\u6865\u3001\u5929\u4e1c\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b81\u6d77\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6d77\u57ce\u5173\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\u5efa\u9020\u5728\u57ce\u5173\u9547\u6843\u6e90\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef1100\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u76f4\u5c5e\u5b81\u6ce2\u672c\u5802\u533a\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u738b\u9521\u6850\u518d\u6b21\u805a\u4f17\u53cd\u6d0b\u6559\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u70e7\u6bc1\u90e8\u5206\u623f\u5c4b\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081906\uff09\uff0c\u4fee\u590d\u30021966\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u949f\u697c\u4e0a\u7aef\u88ab\u62c6\u30021982\u5e74\uff0c\u590d\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6d77\u51e4\u6f6d\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u51e4\u6f6d\u4e61\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081870\uff09\u5efa\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef330\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u738b\u9521\u6850\u8fdb\u653b\u53bf\u57ce\u65f6\u70e7\u6bc1\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u590d\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b81\u6d77\u672c\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u5b81\u6d77\u57ce\u5173\u3001\u524d\u6a2a\u3001\u9ec4\u575b\u3001\u51e4\u6f6d\u3001\u4e2d\u80e1\u4e94\u4e2a\u5206\u5802\uff1b\u6709\u6559\u5f92300\u4eba\uff1b\u9a7b\u6709\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8c61\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8c61\u5c71\u9c7c\u5c71\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081907\uff09\u5efa\u5728\u9e64\u6d66\u5c0f\u9c7c\u5c71\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef174.5\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6539\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u5f52\u8fd8\uff1b\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u590d\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8c61\u5c71\u5409\u6e2f\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\u5efa\u5728\u9e64\u6d66\u9547\u5409\u6e2f\u6751\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef185\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u6539\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u30021985\u5e74\uff0c\u590d\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8c61\u5c71\u672c\u5802\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u662f\u77f3\u6d66\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u56e0\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u62c6\u8fc1\u53e6\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u65b0\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u77f3\u6d66\u672c\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u77f3\u6d66\u3001\u9c7c\u5c71\u3001\u5409\u6e2f\u3001\u9ad8\u5858\u3001\u87ba\u4e1d\u7901\u3001\u4e39\u57ce\u3001\u897f\u5468\u3001\u73e0\u6eaa\u516b\u4e2a\u5206\u5802\u70b9\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u6559\u5f92600\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ecd\u5174\u603b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u660e\u4e07\u5386\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081586\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c4d\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u7f57\u660e\u575a\uff08Michel Rugieri, 1543-1607\uff09\u548c\u9ea6\u5b89\u4e1c\uff08Antoined\u2019Almeyda, 1556-1591\uff09\u66fe\u5230\u7ecd\u5174\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ec5\u5c45\u6570\u6708\u79bb\u53bb\u3002\u6e05\u5eb7\u7199\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081702\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9f9a\u5f53\u4fe1\u795e\u7236\uff08Cyrile Constantin,1670-1732\uff09\u5230\u7ecd\u5174\u4e70\u623f\uff0c\u8bbe\u5802\uff0c\u4f20\u65595\u5e74\u591a\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081863\uff09\uff0c\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u5230\u7ecd\u5174\u5bfb\u627e\u539f\u5740\uff0c\u672a\u679c\uff1b\u540e\u5218\u5b89\u591a\u518d\u6b21\u5bfb\u627e\uff0c\u4ecd\u65e0\u8e2a\u8ff9\uff1b\u540c\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u865e\u7528800\u5143\u94f6\u5143\u8d2d\u4e7030\u6765\u95f4\u623f\u5c4b\u548c1.25\u4ea9\u5730\u8bbe\u7acb\u6559\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5e74\uff081864\uff09\uff0c\u5218\u5b89\u591a\u5728\u7ecd\u5174\u8d2d\u7f6e\u516b\u5b57\u6865\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u4e03\u53f7\u571f\u57305.46\u4ea9\uff0c\u4e03\u5e74\uff081868\uff09\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4ea4\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\uff081871\uff09\u5efa\u82e5\u745f\u5802\uff0c\u5218\u5e38\u4f4f\u7ecd\u5174\u8d1f\u8d23\u6559\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\uff0c\u8c22\u57f9\u5fb7\u795e\u7236\uff08Jacques Chiapetto,1865-1927\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\uff09\u5230\u7ecd\u5174\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u9648\u5b50\u611a\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u7ecd\u5174\uff0c\u57ce\u5185\u8d2d\u7f6e\u5973\u5802\u9662\u5740\u3002\u8be5\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u8c22\u4e0e\u9648\u660e\u53d1\u795e\u7236\u5230\u5d4a\u53bf\u75282.5\u4e07\u4e24\u94f6\u5b50\u5728\u4e24\u5934\u95e8\u8d2d\u5f97\u4e00\u5ea7\u5e99\u5b87\u8fde\u571f\u5730\u3001\u5c71\u4e18\u8ba1282\u4ea9\uff1b7\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee5\u4e0d\u52305000\u5143\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8d2d\u5f97\u8282\u5b5d\u5bfa\u53ca\u571f\u573058\u4ea9\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081903\uff09\uff0c\u67ab\u6865\u548c\u5c1a\u732e\u5e99\u53ca\u5e99\u4ea7\u6539\u4fe1\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u79bb\u57ce40\u91cc\u5904\u5149\u5b5d\u5bfa\u7684\u548c\u5c1a\u6539\u4fe1\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u732e\u5e99\u548c\u5e99\u4ea7\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u6279\u8d44\u8d22\u3002\u8427\u5c71\u3001\u4e0a\u865e\u3001\u8bf8\u66a8\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u732e\u5e99\u4e3e\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u5230\u90e8\u5206\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u58eb\u53cd\u5bf9\u800c\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e0d\u5c11\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf8\u66a8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u8bf8\u66a8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u5728\u53bf\u57ce\u56db\u773c\u4e95\u3002\u6e05\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff09\u5efa\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u5143\u5e74\uff081909\uff09\u3001\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\u548c\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4e8e\u67ab\u6865\u3001\u6768\u5bb6\u697c\u3001\u9ad8\u57ce\u5934\u5efa\u5802\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5168\u53bf\u6559\u5f92\u6700\u591a\u65f6\u6709400\u4f59\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u5f92\u767e\u4f59\u540d\u30021987\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u9ad8\u57ce\u5934\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u6210\u7acb\u5802\u7ba1\u5c0f\u7ec4\u30021990\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u5f9277\u540d\u3002\u8bf8\u66a8\u53bf\u57ce\u5185\u7684\u6559\u5802\u5c1a\u672a\u5f52\u8fd8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9a\u6d77\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000   \u6e05\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081842\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u6765\u5b9a\u6d77\uff0c\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u795e\u7236\u90b1\u6d4e\u56fd\u3001\u738b\u82e5\u7ff0\u534f\u52a9\u5728\u57ce\u533a\u9644\u8fd1\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u81f3\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5317\u8bbe\u5c0f\u5723\u5802\u4e00\u6240\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7d2b\u8587\u72ed\u95e8\uff08\u4eca\u53cc\u6865\u9547\u6c38\u4e30\u6751\uff09\u5efa\u9020\u5b9a\u6d77\u9996\u5ea7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\uff0c\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u8c03\u5b81\u6ce2\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4e3b\u6559\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u77f3\u4f2f\u7984\u6765\u5b9a\u6d77\u6269\u5efa\u72ed\u95e8\u5802\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6559\u5e38\u9a7b\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u5b64\u513f\u9662\u8fc1\u5b9a\u6d77\u5317\u95e8\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u6539\u4e3a\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5740\u53e6\u5efa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u79f0\u5473\u589e\u7235\u5802\uff0c\u9762\u79ef1828\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u897f\u95e8\u5efa\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5206\u8bbe\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u5802\uff08\u4eca\u57ce\u5173\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u533a\u5e9c\u5927\u9662\u5185\uff09\uff0c\u4e0a\u5802\u79f0\u201c\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u5802\u201d\uff0c\u4e0b\u5802\u4e3a\u4ec1\u6148\u5802\uff0c\u6536\u517b\u5a74\u513f\u3002\u5171\u5efa\u697c\u623f76\u95f4\uff0c\u5e73\u623f46\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u9762\u79ef6000\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u54b8\u4e30\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081852\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u897f\u95e8\u3001\u5317\u95e8\u3001\u72ed\u95e8\u3001\u76d0\u4ed3\u3001\u5c91\u6e2f\u3001\u5c71\u6f6d\u7b49\u4e03\u5904\u6559\u5802\u3002\u5148\u540e\u5728\u7d2b\u5fae\u3001\u5e72\u8d56\u3001\u76d0\u4ed3\u3001\u91ce\u5c99\u3001\u8377\u82b1\u3001\u8679\u6865\u3001\u9a6c\u5c99\u3001\u5317\u8749\u3001\u57ce\u5357\u9053\u5934\u3001\u8001\u864e\u5c71\u7b49\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u5341\u4e2a\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u6709\u5916\u7c4d\u795e\u7236\u4f0a\u6cd5\u7406\u7b49\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u6559\u5f921407\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1951\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u5317\u95e8\u201c\u5473\u589e\u7235\u5802\u201d\u548c\u897f\u95e8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e24\u5802\uff1b\u7d2b\u5fae\u72ed\u95e8\u3001\u76d0\u4ed3\u91ce\u5c99\u3001\u768b\u6cc4\u4e1c\u6e56\u3001\u91d1\u5858\u7a46\u5c99\u3001\u8377\u82b1\u7b49\u4e94\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u6559\u5f921945\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u57ce\u5173\u752c\u4e1c\u4e61355\u4eba\uff08\u5185\u6709\u5973180\u4eba\u3001\u513f\u7ae5151\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u662f\u5e74\u5341\u4e00\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u5723\u6bcd\u519b\u201d\u88ab\u53d6\u7f14\uff0c\u539f\u897f\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u6cd5\u7c4d\u795e\u7236\u4f0a\u6cd5\u91cc\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u7531\u534e\u7c4d\u795e\u7236\u3001\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u52a1\u3002\u662f\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u95e8\u6559\u5802\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u5802\u7531\u53bf\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u6539\u4f5c\u529e\u516c\u7528\u623f\uff0c\u5317\u95e8\u5916\u201c\u5473\u589e\u7235\u5802\u201d\u6539\u5efa\u4e3a\u9a7b\u519b\u56db\u4e00\u4e09\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u897f\u95e8\u201c\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u5802\u201d\uff08\u5373\u4e0a\u5802\uff09\u3002\u4e94\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u81f31958\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u57fa\u672c\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u201c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u5802\u201d\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u57ce\u5173\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c0f\u5b66\u6269\u5efa\u6821\u820d\uff0c\u4e61\u4e0b\u4e94\u5904\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u88ab\u62c6\u9664\u6216\u53e6\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1986\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u897f\u95e8\u3001\u5317\u95e8\u4e24\u6559\u5802\u653f\u5e9c\u6298\u4ef713.37 \u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5f52\u8fd8\u5360\u7528\u697c\u623f\u5341\u516d\u95f4\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53e6\u62e8\u6b3e35000\u5143\uff0c\u8d54\u507f\u897f\u95e8\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u62e8\u5730\u5728\u5317\u90ca\u4e49\u6865\u6751\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\u30021987\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u5f92800\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u7948\u7977\u62404\u5904\uff0c\u5b9a\u6d77\u7c4d\u987e\u77f3\u5cf0\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u821f\u5c71\u603b\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u517c\u4efb\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u672c\u5802\u30021991\u5e74\uff0c\u91d1\u4ef0\u79d1\u795e\u7236\u6765\u821f\u5c71\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u5b9a\u6d77\u672c\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u52302000\u5e74\uff0c\u5b9a\u6d77\u6559\u5802\u968f\u7740\u6559\u53cb\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b9a\u6d77\u5927\u5802\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u4e0d\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u7ecf\u6559\u533a\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u62e8\u6b3e\u91cd\u5efa\u5b9a\u6d77\u5723\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u5174\u529e\u5b9a\u6d77\u656c\u8001\u9662\u3002\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u6350\u732e\u4e86100\u591a\u4e07\u5143\uff0c2004\u5e74\u65b0\u5802\u5efa\u6210 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5b9a\u6d77\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u5b9a\u6d77\u3001\u767d\u6cc9\u3001\u9a6c\u5c99\u3001\u4e34\u57ce\u3001\u91d1\u5858\u3001\u6ca5\u6e2f\u3001\u76d0\u4ed3\u3001\u7d2b\u5fae\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5cb1\u5c71\u7684\u9ad8\u4ead\u3001\u6768\u6885\u5751\u3001\u5cb1\u897f\u3001\u6865\u5934\u3001\u4e1c\u5251\u3001\u5d4a\u6cd7\u7b4914\u4e2a\u7948\u7977\u6240\u30022000\u5e74\u7edf\u8ba1\u6709\u6559\u5f921900\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5b9a\u6d77\u5802\u9a7b\u6709\u795e\u7236\u3001\u4fee\u5973\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u7c4d\u5f6d\u795e\u7236\u5728\u9f99\u773c\u5c71\u4e70\u5730\u5efa\u8d77\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c0f\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u53ca\u697c\u623f5\u95f4\uff0c\u5e73\u623f7\u95f4\uff0c\u53a8\u623f1\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u623f17\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u7ea6790\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5723\u6bcd\u5c71\u6d1e\u4e00\u5904\u5185\u4f9b\u7acb\u4f53\u5723\u6bcd\u50cf\u4e00\u5c0a\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u6765\u671d\u5723\u8005\u65e5\u589e\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6559\u53cb\u6765\u81ea\u798f\u5efa\u3001\u6e29\u5dde\u7b49\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u6bdb\u795e\u7236\u4efb\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u96c6\u8d44\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u5404\u5730\u6559\u53cb\u6350\u52a9\uff0c\u4ece\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u8377\u5916\u9a6c\u5bb6\u4e70\u5165\u5c71\u573016\u4ea9\uff08\u6298\u5e73\u57308\u4ea9\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5c71\u9876\u5efa\u5927\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u5802\u957f\u7ea630\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd12\u7c73\uff0c\u949f\u697c\u524d\u4f38\uff0c\u9ad814.5\u7c73\uff0c\u796d\u53f0\u95f4\u5448\u534a\u5706\u578b\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u9762\u79ef\u5171\u8ba1455\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3500\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5802\u5185\u670915\u5ea7\u796d\u53f0\uff0c\u6309\u73ab\u7470\u7ecf\u6bcf\u7aef\u6b21\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e3a\u8363\u798f\u7b2c\u4e94\u7aef\u3002\u949f\u697c\u9876\u4e0a\u67093\u7c73\u9ad8\u7684\u5723\u6bcd\u62b1\u5c0f\u8036\u7a23\u94dc\u50cf\u3002\u5728\u901a\u5f80\u5927\u5802\u548c\u5723\u6bcd\u6d1e\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u5904\uff0c\u5efa\u6709\u201c\u5723\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u603b\u9886\u5929\u4f7f\u201d\u50cf\u548c\u7891\uff0c\u7891\u4e0a\u523b\u6709\uff0c\u201c\u5411\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u603b\u9886\u5929\u4f7f\u9882\u201d\u7ecf\u6587\u3002\u4e0a\u5c71\u7b51\u6709\u77f3\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u680f\u5e72\u6276\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1955\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u6e14\u7f51\u793e\u5360\u7528\u4f5c\u5de5\u573a\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u88ab\u666e\u9640\u53bf\u59d4\u5ba3\u4f20\u90e8\u63a5\u7ba1\uff0c\u5927\u5802\u4f5c\u821e\u5385\u3001\u4e52\u4e53\u5ba4\uff0c\u5c06\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e09\u5b57\u7528\u7802\u7070\u6d82\u62b9\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u4f53\u80b2\u5ba4\u201d\u3002\u76f4\u81f31985\u5e74\u5f52\u8fd8\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u8fd8\u5176\u539f\u72b6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1985\u5e74\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u524d\uff0c\u7528\u4e0b\u5802\u62c6\u4e0a\u6765\u7684\u7816\u3001\u6728\u6599\uff0c\u53c8\u6295\u8d44\u8fd1\u56db\u4e07\u5143\u5efa\u8d776\u95f4\u697c\u623f\u30021986\u5e74\u5efa3\u5c0f\u95f4\u95e8\u623f\uff0c\u7b51\u8d77\u56f4\u5899\uff0c\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u67dc\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u6295\u8d44\u516d\u4e07\u4e09\u5343\u5143\u6269\u5efa\u4e8c\u95f4\u697c\u623f\u4f5c\u4fee\u5973\u697c\uff0c\u56db\u5c0f\u95f4\u5e73\u623f\u4e3a\u53a8\u623f\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u5f52\u8fd8\u5723\u6bcd\u6d1e\u30021994\u5e74\uff0c\u82b1\u4e8c\u4e07\u591a\u5143\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u5723\u6bcd\u5c71\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u9996\u897f\u53a2\u623f\u524d\u6295\u8d44\u5341\u4e07\u516b\u5343\u5143\u5efa\u9020\u4e865\u95f4\u5e73\u9876\u623f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u53cb\u671d\u5723\u4f4f\u6240\u30021998\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u65c1\u8fb9\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5f52\u8fd8\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u6b64\u53c8\u82b1\u4e86\u4e8c\u4e07\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u79cd\u4e0a\u4e86\u6842\u82b1\u7b49\u82b1\u6728\uff0c\u5efa\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u82d1\u201d\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u5723\u6bcd\u5c71\u6d1e\u4e0a\u7b51\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u4e09\u7c73\u5bbd\u7684\u73af\u5c71\u8def\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fce\u884c\u5723\u6bcd\u6e38\u884c\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u884c\u4eba\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e00\u6761\u4e0a\u9752\u9f99\u5c71\u7684\u65b0\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u5802\u533a\u7684\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u6309\u5e74\u4ee3\u5217\u8868\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u5149\u7eea\u516d\u5e74\uff081880\uff09      \u767d\u82e5\u7ff0\uff08\u6cd5\u7c4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09      \u5f6d\u795e\u7236\uff08\u6cd5\u7c4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09    \u6bdb\u5b9c\u5357\uff08\u6cd5\u7c4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09    \u5218\u795e\u7236\uff08\u6cd5\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u8212\u5176\u8c01\uff08\u5b81\u6ce2\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081938\uff09  \u59da\u5141\u4e2d\uff08\u6148\u6eaa\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081945\uff09  \u738b\u8000\u539f\uff08\u4e0a\u865e\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u6797\u8282\u5168<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081947\uff09  \u53f2\u6d4e\u4ec1\uff08\u4f59\u59da\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081948\uff09  \u90ed\u5c45\u592b\uff08\u6cd5\u7c4d\uff09\uff0c\u6c6a\u5982\u6d77<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1986\u5e74\u81f31999\u5e74           \u987e\u77f3\u5cf0\uff08\u5b9a\u6d77\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1995\u5e747\u6708\u81f32000\u5e747\u6708   \u6797\u53cb\u798f\uff08\u6148\u6eaa\u4eba\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2000\u5e747\u6708\u81f32003\u5e7410\u6708  \u65bd\u7ef4\u8d24 (\u6148\u6eaa\u4eba)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       2003\u5e7410\u6708\u81f32005\u5e74      \u52b3\u4ef2\u6770 (\u6148\u6eaa\u4eba)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u81ea1992\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e38\u9a7b\u4e8c\u4f4d\u4fee\u5973\uff0c\u534f\u52a9\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u5802\u533a\u4e0b\u8f96\uff1a\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u3001\u5858\u5934\u3001\u87ba\u95e8\u3001\u5c55\u8305\u3001\u8d75\u5bb6\u5c99\u3001\u52fe\u5c71\u3001\u76d0\u5382\u3001\u68c9\u589e\u3001\u6843\u82b1\u3001\u7901\u5c99\u3001\u6805\u68da\u3001\u5357\u5c99\u3001\u5bf9\u5cb8\u3001\u9ec4\u77f3\u3001\u516d\u6a2a\u7b4915\u4e2a\u7948\u7977\u6240\u3002\u52302000\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u8ba1\u6559\u53cb2650\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u867e\u5cd9\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u867e\u5cd9\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff081933\uff09\u4f20\u5165\u3002\u9996\u6279\u4fe1\u6559\u7684\u6709\u5468\u901a\u6d69\u3001\u5434\u6e05\u534e\u3001\u4f59\u963f\u6cd5\u3001\u4f59\u667a\u5584\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u5230\u89e3\u653e\u521d\uff0c\u4ec5\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u5df2\u8fbe300\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u6781\u5de6\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u591a\u6570\u4ecd\u575a\u6301\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6731\u5bb6\u5c16\u5929\u4e3b\u5802<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u6731\u5bb6\u5c16\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u662f\u5728\u540c\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74\uff081864\uff09\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5927\u6d1e\u5c99\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u6bb5\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u5ea780\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u5c0f\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u65f6\u6709\u6559\u53cb\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u5341\u4eba\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081895\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7110\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f220\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u4e09\u4ea9\u30021958\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u4e61\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5360\u7528\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u62c6\uff0c\u6539\u5efa\u4e3a\u4e61\u653f\u5e9c\u529e\u516c\u697c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       1986\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e61\u653f\u5e9c\u8d54\u507f\u4e09\u4e07\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u65c5\u53f0\u6559\u53cb\u5e94\u5fb7\u8000\u7684\u70ed\u5fc3\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5728\u76d0\u5382\u6751\u5c0f\u5c71\u5188\u4e0a\u53e6\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u65b0\u5802\u3002\u9762\u79ef170\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u7528\u623f 240\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9762\u79ef995\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u603b\u9020\u4ef723\u4e07\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c1989\u5e74\u7ae3\u5de5\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86112\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u5385\u53ca\u996d\u5385\u548c\u82b1\u56ed\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u5e94\u5fb7\u8000\u53c8\u6350\u8d44\u5728\u5927\u5802\u6b63\u95e8\u53f3\u4fa7\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u9732\u5fb7\u5723\u6bcd\u5c71\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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