{"id":111,"date":"2023-04-21T15:10:44","date_gmt":"2023-04-21T07:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wocun.org\/?p=111"},"modified":"2023-04-25T14:51:29","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T06:51:29","slug":"%e6%b5%99%e6%b1%9f%e5%a4%a9%e4%b8%bb%e6%95%99%e5%8f%b2%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e4%b9%9d%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.zjcatholic.org\/?p=111","title":{"rendered":"\u6d59\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53f2\u7565\uff08\u4e5d\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0<\/strong>  <\/strong>\u4eba<\/strong>  <\/strong>\u7269<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \u81ea\u4ece\u4ed6\u4ea4\u8bc6\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u540e\uff0c\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e8e\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u6559\u7406\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081602\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u91cd\u523b\u7684\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u4e07\u56fd\u5168\u56fe\uff0c\u5c4f\u98ce\u5f0f\uff0c6\u5e45\uff0c\u7ea66\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u5c3a\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081605\uff09\uff0c\u81ea\u5236\u661f\u76d8\u4e00\u5177\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081607\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u5bf9\u661f\u76d8\u4f5c\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5199\u6210\u300a\u6d51\u76d6\u901a\u5baa\u56fe\u8bf4\u300b\u4e24\u5377\u3002\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u79f0\u4e4b\u85fb\u6240\u7ed8\u5929\u8c61\u56fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u6240\u7ed8\u76f8\u5ab2\u7f8e\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e24\u90e8\u5bc4\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u7ed9\u7f57\u9a6c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u603b\u4f1a\u957f\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u8457\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u4e01\u5148\u751f(Clavius)\uff0c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u534e\u4ecb\u7ecd\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5bc4\u56de\u53bb\u7684\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081608\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u4e3a\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7b14\u8ff0\u300a\u5bf0\u5bb9\u8f83\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u5377\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u5e8f\u6587\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8bd1\u65ec\u65e5\u800c\u6210\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u53ef\u89c2\u4ed6\u5bf9\u897f\u5b66\u7cbe\u901a\u4e4b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081611\uff09\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e27\u7236\uff0c\u56de\u676d\u4e01\u5fe7\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u6d77\u9080\u90ed\u5c45\u9759\u3001\u91d1\u5c3c\u9601\u4e24\u795e\u7236\u548c\u949f\u5df4\u76f8\u4fee\u58eb\u5230\u676d\u5f00\u6559\u3002\u4e09\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u4e4b\u85fb\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u7236\u6309\u6559\u4f1a\u793c\u4eea\u4e3e\u884c\u4e27\u793c\u30025\u67088\u65e5\u5728\u676d\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u5f25\u6492\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u5bb6\u66fe\u8bbe\u4e00\u5c0f\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u4fa7\u5899\u6302\u6709\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u753b\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u5341\u5e74\uff081612\uff091\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u793c\u90e8\u4e0a\u758f\uff0c\u8bf7\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u3001\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u3001\u5e9e\u8fea\u6211(Didace de Pantoja\uff0c1571\u20141681)\u3001\u718a\u4e09\u62d4(Sabatin de Ursis\uff0c1575\u20141620)\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u897f\u6d0b\u5386\u6cd5\u3002\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081613\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u5347\u4efb\u5357\u4eac\u592a\u4ec6\u5bfa\u5c11\u537f\uff0c\u4e0a\u758f\u8bf7\u793c\u90e8\u5f00\u8bbe\u5386\u5c40\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u8350\u5e9e\u8fea\u6211\u3001\u718a\u4e09\u62d4\u3001\u9f99\u534e\u6c11(Nicolas Longobardi\uff0c1559\u20141654)\u3001\u9633\u739b\u8bfa(Emmanuel Diaz junior\uff0c1574\u20141659)\u7b49\u53c2\u52a0\u4fee\u6539\u5386\u6cd5(\u758f\u6587\u89c1\u300a\u660e\u7ecf\u4e16\u6587\u7f16\u300b)\u3002\u5e9e\u3001\u718a\u3001\u9633\u3001\u9f99\u5747\u4e3a\u901a\u6653\u5386\u6cd5\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u5b9e\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u300a\u540c\u6587\u7b97\u6307\u300b\uff0c\u524d\u3001\u901a\u3001\u522b\u4e09\u7f16\uff0c\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u897f\u6d0b\u7b14\u7b97\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4e66\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081615\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u4efb\u9ad8\u90ae\u9053\u53f0\uff0c\u6cbb\u6cb3\u3002\u300a\u5eb7\u7199\u4ec1\u548c\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u5341\u4e03\u8c13\u4e4b\u85fb\u201c\u4e24\u6cbb\u6cb3\u6f15\uff0c\u54b8\u7740\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u201d\u540e\u4eba\u628a\u4ed6\u5217\u5165\u9ad8\u90ae\u4e03\u8d24\u7960\u3002\u6b21\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u793c\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u6c88\u6c35\u96ba       \u63a7\u544a\u5357\u4eac\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\uff0c\u6ce2\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e00\u9762\u8bf7\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u907f\u5c45\u676d\u5dde\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5ef7\u7b60\u5bb6\u53ca\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5357\u4eac\u5404\u53cb\u597d\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u636e\u7406\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u56db\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081619\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u540e\u91d1\u201d\u653b\u5360\u8fbd\u6c88\uff0c\u4eac\u5e08\u544a\u6025\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u548c\u5ef7\u7b60\u96c6\u8d44\uff0c\u6d3e\u5b66\u751f\u5f20\u7118\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\u8d2d\u4e70\u897f\u70ae\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0a\u758f\u63a8\u5b58\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e(Francois Sambiani\uff0c1582\u20141649)\u3001\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u7b49\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u5165\u4eac\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u5236\u9020\u5175\u5668(\u758f\u6587\u89c1\u300a\u660e\u7ecf\u4e16\u6587\u7f16\u300b\u3002\u6240\u8d2d\u897f\u70ae\u5728\u5b81\u8fdc\u3001\u6dbf\u5dde\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u5efa\u529f\u3002\u5929\u542f\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081622\uff09\uff0c\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u81f4\u4e4b\u85fb\u51fd\uff1a\u201c\u4e1c\u4e8b\u4e4b\u6bb7\uff0c\u5f1f\u4e8e\u4eba\u60c5\u4e8b\u52bf\uff0c\u7a0d\u7a0d\u77e5\u6709\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u5f1f\u4e4b\u5373\u53bb\uff0c\u77e5\u7fc1\u4e08\u4e4b\u5fc5\u6709\u4eca\u65e5\u3002\u201d\u662f\u6307\u9b4f(\u5fe0\u8d24)\u515a\u4e13\u6a2a\u62d4\u6248\uff0c\u6a2a\u52a0\u7f6a\u540d\uff1b\u6392\u65a5\u5f02\u5df1\u3002\u5f90\u3001\u674e\u7b49\u8eab\u53d7\u5176\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u88ab\u8d2c\u8fbe3\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u7f62\u5b98\u56de\u676d\uff0c\u4e13\u5fc3\u8bd1\u8457\u3002\u8fd9\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u804c\u65b9\u5916\u7eaa\u5e8f\u300b\u3002\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4ed6\u8ba1\u5212\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u5305\u62ec\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7406\u548c\u4eba\u3001\u6587\u3001\u5730\u7406\u7684\u300a\u804c\u65b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u955c\u300b20\u5377\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f91\u523b\u300a\u5929\u5b66\u521d\u51fd\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u3001\u5e9e\u8fea\u6211\u3001\u718a\u4e09\u62d4\u3001\u827e\u5112\u7565\u3001\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u3001\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7406\u5668\u540410\u79cd\u3002\u4ecb\u7ecd\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u201c\u521d\u51fd\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u5c06\u53e6\u8f91\u300a\u7eed\u7f16\u300b\u4e4b\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5929\u542f\u4e94\u5e74\uff081625\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u79e6\u666f\u6559\u6d41\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7891\u300b\u5728\u9655\u897f\u897f\u5b89\u51fa\u571f\u3002\u51e4\u7fd4\u5f20\u8d53\u865e\u5c06\u62d3\u672c\u5bc4\u7ed9\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e0e\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u7b49\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7891\u6587\u6240\u8f7d\u6559\u7406\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u7ecf\u4e4b\u85fb\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u5199\u6210\u300a\u666f\u6559\u7891\u9882\u6b63\u8be0\u300b\uff0c\u523b\u5370\u4e8e\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u4e66\u4e0a\u9644\u6709\u4e4b\u85fb\u7684\u300a\u8bfb\u666f\u6559\u7891\u4e66\u540e\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u3002\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u666f\u6559\u7891\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u732e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e0e\u5085\u6c5b\u9645(Francois Furtado\uff0c1587\u20141653)\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u8bba\u5929\u5730\u300b6\u5377\u3002\u5d07\u796f\u5143\u5e74\uff081628\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u523b\u5370\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u300a\u5bf0\u6709\u8be0\u300b\uff0c\u53ca\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u300b25\u5377\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u300a\u540d\u7406\u63a2\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8bd1\u672c\u3002 \u9b4f\u5fe0\u8d24\u88ab\u52be\u540e\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u4e4b\u85fb\u88ab\u63a8\u8350\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u5386\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u5317\u4e0a\uff0c\u5230\u626c\u5dde\u3001\u6ca7\u5dde\u4e24\u5730\uff0c\u201c\u8840\u75be\u201d\u590d\u53d1\u3002\u7fcc\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u624d\u5230\u5386\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u3001\u7f57\u96c5\u8c37(Jacgues Rho\uff0c <\/p>\n\n\n\n

?\u4e001788)\u7b49\u8bd1\u6210\u300a\u5386\u6307\u300bl\u5377\u3001\u300a\u6d4b\u91cf\u5168\u4e49\u300b2\u5377\u3001\u300a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u89c4\u89e3\u300b1\u5377\u3002\u540c\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\uff08\u519c\u53869\u670827\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u5728\u4eac\u75c5\u901d\uff0c \u540e\u8fc1\u846c\u676d\u5dde\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u4e4b\u85fb\u901d\u4e16\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u300a\u7574\u4eba\u4f20\u300b\u548c\u300a\u676d\u5dde\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b\u8c13\u5d07\u796f\u56db\u5e74(1631)\uff1b\u9ad8\u9550\u9f0e\u300a\u5f90\u6587\u5b9a\u516c\u884c\u5b9e\u300b\u8bf4\u662f\u4e09\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\uff0c\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u5d07\u796f\u4e09\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u521d\u4e8c\u65e5\u300a\u56e0\u75c5\u518d\u7533\u8bf7\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u5927\u5178\u758f\u300b\u4e2d\u5374\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u79cb\u624d\u6b32\u7eed\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u5bfa\u81e3\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u7269\u6545\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u65f6\u4e4b\u85fb\u5728\u5386\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5149\u542f\u662f\u5386\u5c40\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u53c8\u662f\u77e5\u4ea4\uff0c\u4e4b\u85fb\u901d\u4e16\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5149\u542f\u4e4b\u8a00\u4e3a\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u6709\u513f\u5b50\u674e\u957f\u6865\u3001\u674e\u6b21\u7b49\u3002\u6b21\u5f6a\u5d07\u796f\u5e74\u95f4\u5165\u5386\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4efb\u76d1\u7763\u9662\u751f\u3002\u5b59\u674e\u796f\u718a\u4e3a\u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081652\uff09\u8fdb\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u66fe\u5fb7\u662d(Alvare Semedo\uff0c1585\u20141658)\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e8b\u8ff9\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e4b\u85fb\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u624d\uff0c\u540d\u95fb\u4e2d\u5916\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u58eb\u4ea4\u5f8020\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u9965\u4f3c\u6e34\uff0c\u6216\u9605\u8bfb\u6216\u8bd1\u8457\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u6b62\u606f\u3002\u8001\u5e74\u65f6\u4e00\u76ee\u5931\u660e\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u76ee\u89c6\u529b\u51cf\u9000\uff0c\u4ecd\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e8e\u8bd1\u8457\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u8272\u6da6\u897f\u58eb\u8457\u4f5c\u8fd150\u79cd\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e3a\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bcc\u6c11\u7528\u5fc3\u4e8e\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u771f\u53ef\u8c13\u201c\u97a0\u8eac\u5c3d\u7601\uff0c\u6b7b\u800c\u540e\u5df1\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9648\u57a3\u300a\u660e\u6d59\u897f\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u4f20\u300b\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e4b\u85fb\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u901a\uff0c\u65f6\u8f88\u7f55\u6709\u5176\u5339\u3002\u5176\u4e3a\u6587\u6c6a\u6d0b\u6d69\u701a\uff0c\u624d\u6c14\u56db\u6ea2\u3002\u65f6\u897f\u58eb\u5bd3\u4e66\u7f57\u9a6c\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u79f0\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e3a\u6b64\u95f4\u624d\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u6545\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e8e\u897f\u58eb\u6b8a\u6709\u540d\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e09\u5927\u67f1\u77f3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u6211\u56fd17\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f15\u8fdb\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bd1\u8457\u5bb6\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 \u300a\u6768\u6dc7\u56ed\u5148\u751f\u8d85\u6027\u4e8b\u8ff9\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u8f9b\u4ea5\uff0c\u6211\u5b58\u516c\u5b98\u5357\u90fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u5229\u5148\u751f\u540c\u4f1a\u90ed\u4ef0\u51e4\uff0c\u91d1\u56db\u8868\u4ea4\u5584\uff0c\u6bd4\u544a\u5f52\uff0c\u9042\u5ef6\u90ed\u3001\u91d1\u4e8c\u5148\u751f\u5165\u8d8a\u3002\u2026\u2026\u516c\u95fb\u674e\u5c01\u541b\u6b81\uff0c\u5f80\u5501\uff0c\u89c1\u4e8c\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u6b23\u7136\u53e9\u5176\u5b97\u65e8\u3002\u201d\uff08\u8f9b\u4ea5\u6307\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74[1611]\uff0c\u5229\u5148\u751f\u662f\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\uff0c\u4ef0\u51e4\u662f\u90ed\u5c45\u9759\u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u56db\u8868\u662f\u91d1\u5c3c\u9601\u7684\u5b57\u3002\uff09\u4e07\u5386\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081602\uff09\u5ef7\u7b60\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u4ed6\u53ea\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u9047\u90ed\u3001\u91d1\u540e\uff0c\u6df1\u7a76\u6559\u7406\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u601d\u8003\uff0c9\u5929\u4e0d\u5026\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8981\u6c42\u9886\u6d17\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u59be\uff0c\u672a\u83b7\u5e94\u5141\u3002\u4ed6\u5411\u4e4b\u85fb\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6cf0\u897f\u6559\u58eb\u597d\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u6211\u4ee5\u76d1\u5bdf\u5fa1\u53f2\u5949\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7a0d\u7559\u60c5\u9762\uff0c\u5bb9\u6211\u4e00\u59be\u8036? \u4f5b\u6559\u65ad\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d\u4e4b\u85fb\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u6b63\u90aa\u533a\u522b\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u201d\u3002\u5ef7\u7b60\u731b\u7136\u5927\u609f\uff0c\u6452\u59be\u5206\u5c45\uff0c\u9042\u4e8e\u540c\u5e746\u6708\u9886\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e4b\u85fb\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7236\uff0c\u6d17\u540d\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u81ea\u53f7\u5f25\u683c\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5ef7\u7b60\u4fe1\u6559\u540e\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u516c\u76ca\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u5efa\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u529e\u4ec1\u4f1a\uff0c\u5411\u7f19\u7ec5\u529d\u52df\u3001\u6551\u6d4e\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u8bbe\u7acb\u516c\u5893\u3001\u523b\u5370\u6559\u4f1a\u4e66\u7c4d\u3002\u4e07\u5386\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081617\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e13\u8bbe\u4f4f\u9662\u53ca\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u201c\u5ef6\u6cf0\u897f\u4f1a\u58eb\u8bf8\u5148\u751f\u4f4f\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u4e0e\u4f17\u4eba\u8bb2\u89e3\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u6b66\u6797\u4eba\u58eb\u9761\u7136\u5411\u98ce\u77e3\u3002\u201d\u300a\u8d85\u6027\u4e8b\u8ff9\u300b\u8bed)\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u7ea6\u4e4b\u3001\u7e47\u5b50\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5973\u513f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u5bb6\u4eba\u7b49\u5148\u540e\u9886\u6d17\u5165\u6559\u517130\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u957f\u5b50\u7ea6\u4e4b\u6d17\u540d\u52a0\u7984\uff0c\u7e47\u5b50\u6d17\u540d\u82e5\u671b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5973\u513f\u6d17\u540d\u4e9a\u52a0\u5927\u548c\u4f9d\u6426\u65af\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u56db\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081616\uff09\uff0c\u6c88\u6c35\u96ba \u63a7\u544a\u5357\u4eac\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u633a\u8eab\u4e3a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u81ea\u5199\u62a4\u6559\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u5ef6\u8bf7\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u6765\u676d\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5bb6\u4e2d\u62df\u5b9a\u300a\u8fa8\u5b66\u758f\u7ae0\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u7528\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u540d\u4e49\u5448\u4ea4\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u4e66\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8457\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u6838\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u8eab\u5bb6\u6027\u547d\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u6177\u6168\u5448\u8bcd\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53ec\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u907f\u4f4f\u4ed6\u5bb6\u3002\u636e\u8427\u82e5\u745f\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u65f6\u6563\u5c45\u5404\u7701\u4e4b\u6559\u58eb\u4ec5\u5341\u4e09\u540d\uff0c\u6765\u5ef7\u7b60\u5bb6\u8fbe\u516d\u4e03\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u98df\u7528\u8bf8\u8d39\uff0c\u7686\u5ef7\u7b60\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u897f\u58eb\u5206\u6587\uff0c\u6570\u5e74\u5982\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u4e86\u65e0\u606a\u8272\uff0c\u5176\u6177\u6168\u597d\u4e49\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u5e74\u4f4f\u4ed6\u5bb6\u7684\u6709\u90ed\u5c45\u9759\u3001\u827e\u5112\u7565\u3001\u91d1\u5c3c\u9601\u3001\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e\u3001\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u3001\u53f2\u7ef4\u8d1e(Pierre Spiere\uff0c1584\u20141628)\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u6709\u9093\u7389\u51fd(Jean Terrenz\uff0c1576\u20141630)\u3001\u5085\u6c5b\u9645\u7b49\u6765\u4ed6\u5bb6\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8c22\u52a1\u7984(Alvare Semedo\uff0c1585\u20141658)\uff0c1616\u5e74\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c1620\u5e74\u6539\u540d\u66fe\u5fb7\u662d\u4e5f\u6765\u676d\u907f\u4f4f\u5ef7\u7b60\u5bb6\u4e2d\u30021617\u5e74\uff0c\u6c88\u6c35\u96ba       \u7f62\u5b98\u5f52\u6765\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u524d\u5f80\u8bbf\u6664\uff0c\u6c88\u529d\u4ed6\u52ff\u8892\u62a4\u897f\u58eb\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u8981\u6c88\u6b63\u89c6\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6c88\u4ea6\u65e0\u53ef\u5948\u4f55\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u88ab\u4eba\u7f8e\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u6765\u5b54\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u827e\u5112\u7565\u62dc\u5ef7\u7b60\u4e3a\u5e08\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u5199\u6210\u300a\u897f\u5b66\u51e1\u300b\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u6559\u6587\u3001\u7406\u3001\u533b\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u6559\u3001\u9053\u516d\u79d1\u3002\u5ef7\u7b60\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u516d\u79d1\u7ecf\u7c4d\u7ea6\u7565\u4e03\u5343\u4f59\u90e8\uff0c\u4e1a\u5df2\u822a\u6d77\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5728\u53ef\u8bd1\u201d\u00b7\u2026\u5047\u6211\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u96c6\u540c\u5fd7\u6570\u5341\u624b\uff0c\u4f17\u5171\u6210\u4e4b\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a1620\u5e74\u91d1\u5c3c\u9601\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5e26\u67657000\u90e8\u4e66\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u5bf9\u897f\u5b66\u4e4b\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u632f\u5174\u6211\u56fd\u4e4b\u5fc3\u613f\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u4e0e\u827e\u5112\u7565\u589e\u8865\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u4e0e\u5e9e\u8fea\u6211\u65e7\u7a3f\uff0c\u64b0\u6210\u300a\u804c\u65b9\u5916\u7eaa\u300b6\u5377\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u7406\u4e66\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u66fe\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5ef7\u7b60\u7684\u95e8\u751f\u5f20\u8d53\u548c\u7edb\u5dde\u97e9\u9716(\u5723\u540d\u591a\u9ed8)\u5408\u7f16\u300a\u5723\u6559\u4fe1\u8bc1\u300b\uff0c\u8bb0\u8ff0\u6765\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb91\u4eba\u7684\u7b80\u5386\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8e\u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u56db\u5e74\uff081647\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u521d\u671f\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b9d\u8d35\u53f2\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5929\u542f\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081622\uff09\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u628a\u6843\u6e90\u5cad\u9644\u8fd1\u5927\u65b9\u4e95\u7956\u8314\u732e\u4f5c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5893\u5730\u3002\u300a\u8d85\u6027\u4e8b\u8ff9\u300b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u6b81\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u5b50\u5c06\u7530\u623f\u539f\u5951\u8d60\u6cf0\u897f\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u540e\u897f\u6765\u5148\u751f\u6545\u4e8e\u6b66\u6797\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u846c\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u53d6\u516c\u6240\u8d2d\u65e7\u575f\uff0c\u6350\u5165\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u4e3a\u8bf8\u5148\u751f\u524d\u540e\u85cf\u9b44\u4e4b\u6240\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u4e4b\u957f\u5b50(\u201c\u957f\u516c\u4e4b\u5b50\u201d\u4e4b\u8bef)\u53c8\u5145\u7530\u82e5\u5e72\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b88\u8314\u4e4b\u9700\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5ef7\u7b60\u672c\u6765\u7b03\u4fe1\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u5bf9\u5bfa\u5e99\u5e03\u65bd\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\u4e2d\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u6539\u4fe1\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u540e\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4f5b\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u9707\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u4e9b\u540d\u50e7\u548c\u503e\u5411\u4f5b\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u4ea6\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u653b\u51fb\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u5ef7\u7b60\u633a\u8eab\u6267\u7b14\u8457\u300a\u5723\u6c34\u7eaa\u8a00\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4ee3\u7591\u7f16\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4ee3\u7591\u7eed\u7f16\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9e3e\u9e44\u4e0d\u5e76\u9e23\u8bf4\u300b\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u53cd\u9a73\u3002\u4e4b\u85fb\u3001\u5149\u542f\u4ea6\u53c2\u52a0\u8bba\u6218\u3002\u300a\u8d85\u6027\u4e8b\u8ff9\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u91cc\u4e2d\u6709\u4e3a\u516c\u8a89\u8005\uff0c\u8c13\u516c\u751f\u5e73\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4e0d\u5584\uff0c\u72ec\u6709\u4e00\u4e0d\u5584\u5904\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5723\u6559\u3002\u516c\u95fb\u4e4b\uff0c\u54a8\u53f9\u66f0\uff1a\u67d0\u751f\u5e73\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u65e0\u6709\u4e00\u5584\uff0c\u4e43\u72ec\u6709\u4e00\u5584\u5904\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5723\u6559\u3002\u201d\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u4fe1\u6559\u4e4b\u7b03\u8bda\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5929\u542f\u4e03\u5e74\uff081627\uff09\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u4e0e\u4e4b\u85fb\u3001\u5149\u542f\u7b49\u5230\u5609\u5b9a\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u201d\u540d\u8bcd\u5546\u8ba8\u4f1a\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6350\u732e\u5927\u6279\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6c34\u6865\u897f(\u73b0\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u6240\u5728\u5730)\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u662f\u676d\u5dde\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u5df270\u9ad8\u9f84\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u91c7\u8d2d\u5efa\u6750\uff0c\u7763\u5de5\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u6559\u5802\u9020\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5374\u5367\u75c5\u4e0d\u8d77\uff0c12\u6708\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u56e0\u5ef7\u7b60\u5fb7\u9ad8\u671b\u91cd\uff0c\u4e3a\u676d\u5dde\u6c11\u4f17\u6240\u7231\u6234\uff0c\u5217\u5165\u4e61\u8d24\u7960\u3002\u676d\u5dde\u4e91\u6816\u5bfa\u540d\u50e7\u83b2\u6c60\uff0c\u867d\u53cd\u5bf9\u5ef7\u7b60\u548c\u4e4b\u85fb\u6539\u4fe1\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u4eba\u541b\u5b50\uff0c\u8868\u8868\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u4f17\u6240\u77bb\u4ef0\u3002\u201d\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u300b\u79f0\u5ef7\u7b60\u201c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u6559\u4e00\u5927\u529f\u81e3\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90ed\u5c45\u9759<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90ed\u5c45\u9759(Lazarus Cattaneo\uff0c1560\u20141640)\uff0c\u5b57\u4ef0\u51e4\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u3002\u4e07\u5386\u516b\u5e74\uff081581\uff09\u5165\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081594\uff09\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u5148\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\u5b66\u4e60\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u7ee7\u5230\u97f6\u5dde\u534f\u52a9\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\uff0c\u5229\u8d74\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u90ed\u4e3b\u6301\u97f6\u5dde\u6559\u52a1\u3002\u5229\u8d74\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u90ed\u540c\u884c\uff1b\u5229\u79bb\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u90ed\u4efb\u5357\u4eac\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081604\uff09\uff0c\u90ed\u8eab\u9b41\u4f1f\u84c4\u957f\u9aef\u56de\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u6d41\u8a00\uff0c\u8bf4\u90ed\u88ab\u63a8\u4efb\u5916\u56fd\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u9886\u8896\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081606\uff09\u56de\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5e94\u5f90\u5149\u542f\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u6559\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081608\uff09\u51ac\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u65bd\u6d1750\u4eba\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u843d\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081611\uff09\uff0c\u5e94\u674e\u4e4b\u85fb\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u5055\u540c\u91d1\u5c3c\u9601\u795e\u7236\u3001\u949f\u9e23\u4ec1\u4fee\u58eb\u5230\u676d\u5dde\u5f00\u6559\u30025\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e4b\u85fb\u57ce\u5185\u5bd3\u6240\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u5f25\u6492\u30026\u6708\uff0c\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u4ea6\u5728\u4ed6\u624b\u4e2d\u53d7\u6d17\u3002\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081615\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u7ed9\u5ef7\u7b60\u4e8c\u5b50\u4e00\u5973\u65bd\u6d17\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u7ed9\u5ef7\u7b60\u592b\u4eba\u65bd\u6d17\u3002\u8fd9\u5e74\uff0c\u793c\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u6c88\u6c35\u96ba \u63a7\u544a\u5357\u4eac\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5c45\u9759\u4ece\u6b64\u5e38\u5c45\u676d\u5dde\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6cf0\u660c\u5143\u5e74\uff081620\uff09\uff0c\u5e94\u5b59\u5143\u5316\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u53bb\u5b59\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\u5609\u5b9a\u5f00\u6559\u3002\u5929\u542f\u4e03\u5e74\uff081627\uff09\u79cb\uff0c\u5ef7\u7b60\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u57ce\u5efa\u9020\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5723\u5802\u3001\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u5b85\u53ca\u521d\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5c45\u9759\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u4f4f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u665a\u5e74\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u505c\u6b62\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u5e74\u95f4\uff081634\u20141635\uff09\u4ed8\u6d17324\u4eba\u3002\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081640\uff091\u670819\u65e5\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u846c\u5927\u65b9\u4e95\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5609\u5b9a\u4e09\u5730\u7684\u5f00\u6559\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u4f20\u655930\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9996\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u795e\u7236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u536b<\/strong>\u5321\u56fd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u536b\u5321\u56fd(Martino Martini\uff0c1607\u20141661)\uff0c\u5b57\u6d4e\u6cf0\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7279\u4f26\u6258\u4eba\u300217\u5c81\u5230\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b66\u9662\u6c42\u5b66\uff0c25\u5c81\u5165\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081640\uff09\u8d77\u7a0b\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081643\uff09\u5230\u6d59\u6c5f\u5170\u6eaa\uff0c\u540e\u5230\u676d\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u521d\u5e74\uff081644\u20141650\uff09\uff0c\u66fe\u56e0\u6218\u4e71\u6d41\u5bd3\u5357\u5317\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea4\u63a5\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u540d\u516c\u949c\u537f\uff0c\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6211\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5730\u7406\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u6e05\u987a\u6cbb\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081645\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u907f\u5c45\u6d59\u6c5f\u745e\u5b89\uff0c\u6e05\u5175\u628a\u4ed6\u62a4\u9001\u5230\u676d\u5dde\u5802\uff0c\u51fa\u544a\u793a\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\uff081646\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5170\u6eaa\u5efa\u9020\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u3002\u540e\u66fe\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4e0e\u6731\u5b97\u5143\u5408\u8bd1\u82cf\u4e9a\u83b1(Suarez)\u795e\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u4e03\u5e74\uff081650\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u63a8\u9009\u4e3a\u5728\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4ee3\u8868\u5230\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u95ee\u9898\u7533\u8fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e26\u9886\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d74\u6b27\u6d32\u7559\u5b66\u7684\u6fb3\u95e8\u4eba\u90d1\u7ef4\u4fe1(\u53c8\u540d\u739b\u8bfa\uff0c1635\u20141673)\u540c\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u5c06\u6240\u5e26\u8d44\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u64b0\u6210\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u518c\u300b\uff0c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081655\uff09\u5728\u8377\u5170\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u9791\u977c\u6218\u7eaa\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u9686\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u5b89\u5f17\u5c14\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c73\u5170\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u540d\u566a\u6b27\u6d32\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u672c\u6846:    \u4ed6\u5728\u6b27\u6d325\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7533\u8fa9\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5141\u8bb8\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081657\uff09\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u540c\u4f1a\u4f1a\u58eb17\u4eba\u4e1c\u8fd4\uff0c12\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9014\u4e2d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u3001\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd\u3001\u67cf\u5e94\u7406\u3001\u9646\u5b89\u5fb7\u3001\u9c81\u65e5\u6ee15\u4eba\u4e8e\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081658\uff09\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u62b5\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u56de\u676d\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de1\u629a\u662f\u4f5f\u56fd\u5668\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u6b63\u5bab\u7687\u540e\u7684\u4ece\u5f1f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u592b\u4eba\u662f\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u4e9a\u52a0\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u94b1\u5858\u95e8\u6559\u5802\u7b80\u964b\uff0c\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6c34\u6865\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u5e9c\u7b2c\u9644\u8fd1\u8d2d\u7f6e\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u53e6\u5efa\u5723\u5802(\u4eca\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def)\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u52a8\u5de5\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u897f\u6b27\u6837\u5f0f\uff0c3\u884c4\u67f1\uff1b\u53e6\u9020\u6709\u6b63\u53853\u95f4\uff0c\u521d\u5b66\u96623\u95f4\uff0c\u996d\u5385\u53ca\u9644\u5c5e\u623f\u5c4b\uff0c\u5367\u5ba414\u95f4\u3002\u521d\u5b66\u9662\u73af\u5883\u4f18\u7f8e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdc\u773a\u897f\u6e56\u548c\u5c71\u5ce6\uff0c\u4f4f\u9662\u4e09\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u82b1\u56ed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081661\uff09\u60a3\u970d\u4e71\u75c5\uff0c6\u67086\u65e5\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u846c\u5927\u65b9\u4e95\u3002\u548c\u5b89\u5f53(Antoine Heckman\uff0c1853\u20141893)\u7684\u300a\u5723\u6559\u53f2\u300b\u6284\u672c\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5609\u5e86\u65f6\u8fd8\u672a\u8150\u70c2\u3002\u56e0\u6559\u5916\u4eba\u524d\u6765\u4f9b\u62dc\uff0c\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u628a\u5b83\u79fb\u7f6e\u74ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5b8c\u597d\u3002\u201d\u67cf\u5e94\u7406(Couplet)\u3001\u674e\u739b\u7aa6\u90fd\u6709\u540c\u6837\u8bb0\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8fd8\u6709\u300a\u9011\u53cb\u7bc7\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u7406\u8bc1\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7075\u6027\u7406\u8bc1\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9a73\u8f6e\u56de\u8bf4\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0a\u53e4\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u6cd5\u300b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6731\u5b97\u5143<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u4f55\u5927\u5316(Gouvea)\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u300b(Extrema Asia)\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5b81\u6ce2\u5f00\u6559\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u5b9e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u5229\u7c7b\u601d(Buglio)\u4ece\u5357\u4eac\u8c03\u5230\u676d\u5dde\u4e3b\u6301\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u4ea6\u4ece\u798f\u5dde\u8c03\u6765\uff0c\u4efb\u4f1a\u957f\u804c\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u5b81\u6ce2\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u7701\u57ce\u53d7\u6d17\uff1b\u56de\u5bb6\u540e\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d23\u5907\uff0c\u540e\u7ecf\u4ed6\u8010\u5fc3\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f7f\u7236\u6bcd\u5fc3\u60a6\u8bda\u670d\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u6765\u7701\u57ce\u9080\u8bf7\u5229\u7c7b\u601d\u53bb\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u5229\u628a\u5723\u50cf\u51fa\u793a\u542c\u9053\u7fa4\u4f17\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5c31\u670915\u4eba\u9886\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u662f\u6587\u4eba\u5b66\u58eb\u3002\u6b64\u9752\u5e74\u540d\u845b\u65af\u9ed8\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u4ea6\u88ab\u9080\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u7559\u6570\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed8\u6d17\u7ea6\u5343\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u9f99\u76d8(Colombel)\u300a\u6c5f\u5357\u4f20\u6559\u5fd7\u300b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c1640\u5e74\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u6559\u52a1\u5df2\u76f8\u5f53\u660c\u76db\uff0c\u65b0\u5165\u6559\u7684560\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u662f\u5b98\u7ec5\u5b50\u5f1f\uff1b\u6731\u6c0f\u5144\u5f1f\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u79d1\u7b2c\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\u3001\u845b\u65af\u9ed8\u3001\u739b\u7b2c\u4e9a\uff0c\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u3002\u201d\u5f6d\u6c0f\u300a\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4f20\u300b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u845b\u65af\u9ed8\u540d\u7ef4\u57ce\uff0c\u66fe\u8457\u300a\u7b54\u5ba2\u95ee\u300b\u3002\u7ef4\u57ce\u662f\u6731\u5b97\u5143\u7684\u5b57\u53f7\uff0c\u911e\u53bf\u4eba\uff0c\u987a\u6cbb\u4e94\u5e74(1648)\u8003\u4e2d\u4e3e\u4eba\uff0c23\u5c81\u8457\u300a\u7b54\u5ba2\u95ee\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u798f\u5efa\u6797\u6587\u82f1\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e8f\u6587\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u566b\uff0c\u6731\u5b50\u4e4b\u5c0a\u5929\u4e3b\u4e5f\u81f3\u77e3\uff01\u5176\u6b32\u6b63\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e5f\u5207\u77e3!\u8bfb\u662f\u7bc7\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6b67\u4e4b\u4e3a\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u5927\u7ecf\u800c\u5408\u4e4b\u4e3a\u543e\u5112\u5f53\u5949\u4e4b\u6559\uff0c\u6559\u56fa\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u9053\u53ef\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u98ce\u4ea6\u53ef\u540c\u4e5f\u3002\u201d \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u5b97\u5143\u5b66\u8bc6\u4e4b\u9ad8\uff0c\u5949\u6559\u4e4b\u8654\u8bda\u3002\u5b97\u5143\u8fd8\u8457\u6709\u300a\u62ef\u4e16\u7565\u8bf4\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u300a\u8f7b\u4e16\u91d1\u4e66\u300b\u6da6\u8272\u6821\u8ba2\uff0c\u4e3a\u9633\u739b\u8bfa\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u5723\u6559\u5341\u8beb\u76f4\u8be0\u300b\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u5c0f\u5b50\u79c1\u5e78\uff0c\u53d7\u4e1a\u7ec8\u5c81\uff0c\u5c06\u632f\u7fa4\u804b\u3002\u201d \u4ee5\u89c1\u5176\u4f20\u626c\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u5fc3\u5207\u3002\u8fd8\u66fe\u4e0e\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u5408\u8bd1\u300a\u795e\u5b66\u5927\u5168\u300b\u3002\u636e\u4f55\u5927\u5316\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u739b\u5f1f\u4e9a\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f20\u6559\u80fd\u4eba\u3002\u53ef\u77e5\u5b97\u5143\u548c\u4ed6\u5f1f\u5f1f\u4e3a\u5b81\u6ce2\u5f00\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\u7acb\u4e0b\u4e86\u6c57\u9a6c\u529f\u52b3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f20\u661f\u66dc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f20\u661f\u66dc\u5b57\u7d2b\u81e3\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\u3002\u5d07\u796f\u516d\u5e74\uff081633\u5e74\uff09\u751f\uff0c\u7236\u5085\u5ca9\uff0c\u66fe\u5e08\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u3002\u5176\u53cb\u8bf8\u9645\u5357\u7ed9\u4ed6\u51e0\u672c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u201c\u4f59\u8bfb\u672a\u7adf\uff0c\u80f8\u4e2d\u4e4b\u7591\u5c3d\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\uff0c\u9042\u4e8e\u5eb7\u7199\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081678\uff09\u53d7\u6d17\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u4f9d\u7eb3\u7235\uff0c\u6545\u81ea\u79f0\u4f9d\u7eb3\u5b50\uff0c\u65f6\u5e7446\u5c81\u3002\u4f46\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u8ba5\u8bbd\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u5f20\u67d0\u5112\u8005\uff0c\u4eca\u5c3d\u5f03\u5176\u5b66\u800c\u5b66\u897f\u620e\u4e4b\u6559\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u9000\u7f29\uff0c\u7ecf\u5176\u53cb\u4e01\u5c65\u5b89\u6388\u610f\u201c\u53d6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u5220\u7e41\u5c31\u7b80\u201d\u3002 \u5386\u7ecf\u591a\u4e2a\u6625\u79cb\uff0c\u96c6\u6210\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u660e\u8fa8\u300b2000\u591a\u9875\uff0c\u300a\u901a\u9274\u8bb0\u4e8b\u300b1700\u4f59\u9875\u53ca\u300a\u8475\u724c\u8fa8\u6559\u5f55\u300b200\u4f59\u9875\uff08\u6284\u672c\u85cf\u5317\u4eac\u5317\u5802\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff09\u3002\u70ed\u5fc3\u62a4\u6559\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u6267\u8457\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4f69\u670d\u3002\u53c2\u52a0\u6821\u8ba2\u800568\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u89c4\u6a21\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u7e41\u91cd\u300268\u4eba\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u676d\u5dde7\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec1\u548c5\u4eba\uff0c\u94b1\u585814\u4eba\uff0c\u4f59\u676d7\u4eba\uff0c\u5609\u5174\u3001\u6d77\u5b81\u3001\u6148\u6eaa\u3001\u5e73\u9633\u54041\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u676d\u5dde\u6709\u95f5\u98ce\u3001\u95f5\u8c61\u8d24\u3001\u95f5\u666f\u8d243\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u53c8\u9f84\uff0c\u5973\u5a7f\u8d75\u98de\u9e4f\u3001\u67f3\u6587\u5f6c\u5747\u53c2\u52a0\u6821\u8ba2\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5185\u5bb9\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5168\u90e8\u520a\u51fa\uff0c\u9042\u53d6\u5176\u4e2d\u300a\u5408\u5112\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8865\u5112\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8d85\u5112\u300b\u4e09\u8f91\u520a\u5370\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u300a\u5929\u5112\u540c\u5f02\u8003\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd(Prosper Intorcetta\uff0c1625–1696)\uff0c\u5b57\u89c9\u65af\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u897f\u897f\u91cc\u5c9b\u4eba\u3002\u987a\u6cbb\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081659\uff09\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u5148\u5230\u6c5f\u897f\u5efa\u660c\u4f20\u6559\u5efa\u5802\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u4e2d\u67092000\u4eba\u53d7\u6d17\u3002\u56e0\u77e5\u5e9c\u7684\u4ec7\u89c6\uff0c\u6559\u58023\u6b21\u88ab\u62c6\u6bc1\uff0c\u53c8\u9022\u6768\u5149\u5148\u5174\u96be\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\uff081665\uff09\u88ab\u89e3\u9001\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u540e\u8f6c\u62bc\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081670\uff09\uff0c\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u52df\u96c6\u4f20\u6559\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u4e8e\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081674\uff09\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5949\u5eb7\u7199\u4e0b\u65e8\uff0c\u5173\u62bc\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u4f4f\u6559\u5802\u3002\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd\u6765\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u521d\u5b66\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u30022\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u4f1a\u52a1\u89c6\u5bdf\u5458\uff0c\u8d2d\u8fdb\u5927\u65b9\u4e95\u76f8\u90bb\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u4e00\u5c0f\u5802\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u5144\u5f1f3\u4eba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u6240\u5efa\u5723\u5802\u6709\u788d\u4ed6\u5bb6\u98ce\u6c34\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u6bb4\u6253\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30023\u5144\u5f1f\u88ab\u62d8\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u5411\u5b98\u5e9c\u6c42\u60c5\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u4fe1\u6559\u4eba\u5927\u589e\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081687\uff09\uff0c\u6d2a\u82e5\u3001\u5f20\u8bda\u3001\u674e\u660e\u3001\u767d\u664b\u3001\u5218\u5e945\u540d\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u795e\u7236\u5230\u8fbe\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u51fa\u9762\u63a5\u5f85\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecb\u7ecd\u53bb\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5de1\u629a\u5f20\u9e4f\u7fee\u63a7\u544a\u94ce\u6cfd\u8fdd\u53cd\u6559\u7981\u4ed8\u6d171000\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u62c6\u9664\u6559\u5802\u3002\u94ce\u6cfd\u81f4\u51fd\u5728\u4eac\u4f1a\u58eb\u6c42\u63f4\uff0c\u594f\u8bf7\u671d\u5ef7\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081692\uff093\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u51fa\u8c15\u89e3\u9664\u6559\u7981\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u8d74\u4eac\u8c22\u6069\u3002\u676d\u5dde\u5802\u5931\u706b\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u4ee4\u5f20\u9e4f\u7fee\u91cd\u4fee\u3002\u5eb7\u7199\u5357\u5de1\u5230\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u8dea\u8fce\uff0c\u83b7\u53ec\u89c1\u5e76\u8d50\u679c\u997c\u91653\u76d8\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee4\u4f8d\u536b\u8d75\u660c\u5230\u5802\u5185\u8d50\u94f620\u4e24\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081696\uff09\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u75c5\u901d\u676d\u5dde\uff0c\u846c\u5927\u65b9\u4e95\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd\u548c\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u4e24\u4eba\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u6d59\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5321\u56fd\u4ee5\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u300b\u540d\u566a\u897f\u6b27\uff0c\u94ce\u6cfd\u5bf9\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u9887\u6709\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5148\u4e0e\u90ed\u7eb3\u7235\u628a\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u8bd1\u6210\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u72ec\u81ea\u628a\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u8bd1\u6210\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u4f20\u5f80\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u94ce\u6cfd\u8fd8\u901a\u6653\u5929\u6587\u5386\u7b97\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u6743\u5a01\u6885\u6587\u9f0e\u66fe\u4e0e\u94ce\u6cfd\u5546\u8ba8\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u94ce\u6cfd\u89d0\u89c1\u5eb7\u7199\uff0c\u53ca\u5728\u4eac\u53d7\u5eb7\u7199\u6b3e\u5f85\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c \u300a\u6b63\u6559\u5949\u8912\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5341\u5206\u8be6\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e00\u5e0c\u7f55\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa\uff08Romanus Hinderer,1669-1744\uff09\u6cd5\u56fd\u963f\u5c14\u6c99\u7701\u96f7\u7434\u4eba\uff08Reigen Daesace\uff09\u30021688\u5e74\uff0c\u5165\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u521d\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u664b\u94ce\u540e\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u56db\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081707\uff097\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8\u3002\u7ee7\u5230\u4eac\u83b7\u671d\u5ef7\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u5148\u8d74\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e0a\u5ddd\u5c9b\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\uff081711\uff09\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u827e\u671f\u738e\uff08August Berelli\uff09\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u5230\u676d\u5dde\u63a5\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0e\u96f7\u5b5d\u601d\uff08J.B.Regis\uff09\u3001\u51af\u79c9\u6b63\uff08Francois Moyriaode\uff09\u4e24\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6d4b\u7ed8\u6cb3\u5357\u3001\u6c5f\u82cf\u5357\u3001\u798f\u5efa\u53ca\u53f0\u6e7e\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u672c\u5802\u533a\u6388\u6d17228\u4eba\uff0c\u542c\u544a\u89e31615\u4eba\u6b21\uff0c\u9001\u5723\u4f531230\u4eba\u6b21\uff0c\u7ec8\u508512 \u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u5230\u677e\u6c5f\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e24\u5730\u4e3e\u884c\u5723\u4e8b\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081706\uff09\uff0c\u5eb7\u7199\u4e0b\u4ee4\u9a71\u9010\u6240\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u656c\u5b54\u796d\u7956\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u540e\uff0c\u6d59\u95fd\u603b\u7763\u6ee1\u5b9d\u5f20\u8d34\u7981\u6559\u544a\u793a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56e0\u9001\u6ee1\u5b9d\u4e00\u5e45\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b89\u5c45\u676d\u5dde\u3002\u5fb7\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f20\u76ee\uff0c\u6559\u5802\u5927\u95e8\u7d27\u95ed\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u4ece\u5723\u5802\u4e24\u4fa7\u6559\u53cb\u4f4f\u623f\u8fdb\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u51fa\u5165\u6559\u53cb\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc730\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u70ed\u5fc3\u606d\u656c\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e94\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081720\uff09\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u5317\u90ca\u5efa\u9020\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\u3002\u96cd\u6b63\u516b\u5e74\uff081730\uff09\uff0c\u6ee1\u5b9d\u79bb\u4efb\uff0c\u674e\u536b\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u5fb7\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u676d\u5dde\u5802\u88ab\u6539\u4e3a\u5929\u540e\u5bab\u3002\u5fb7\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\u7ea6\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u6f5c\u5165\u4e91\u5357\u3001\u9655\u897f\u3001\u5d07\u660e\u5c9b\u63a2\u671b\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u65bd\u6d17\u8fd12\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u542c\u544a\u89e317000\u4eba\u6b21\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u4e09\u5e74\uff081738\uff09\u5e95\uff0c\u53c8\u56de\u6d59\u6c5f\u4f20\u9053\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081744\uff098\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5e38\u719f\uff0c\u846c\u4e8e\u5357\u4eac\u96e8\u82b1\u53f0\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081760\uff09\uff0c\u8d39\u5821\uff08Fribourg Brigau\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u4e66\u300a\u81f3\u4eca\u4f20\u626c\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u656c\u793c\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7269\u739b\u52a0\u5229\u5927\u9ad8\u9686\u535e\u548c\u5fb7\u739b\u8bfa\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5177\u5176\u4e8b\u8ff9\u540d\u566a\u6b27\u6d32\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u672c\u6846:\u77f3\u4f2f\u7984<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u77f3\u4f2f\u7984(Pierre Lavaissiere\uff0c1813\u20141849)\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u9053\u5149\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081838\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u6b21\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u62b5\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5148\u5230\u6c5f\u5357\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081845\uff09\u5230\u6cb3\u5357\u3002\u6b21\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u5f25\u5c14(Myre)\u8854\u4e3b\u6559\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u7531\u548c\u5e7f\u5fb7\u4e3b\u6559(Bernard Vincent Laribe\uff0c1802-1850)\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u6d77\u5341\u5b57\u8def\u6559\u5802\u5185\uff0c\u5f00\u529e\u4fee\u9662\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081849\uff0912\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u846c\u821f\u5c71\u5b9a\u6d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u672c\u6846:\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e(Francois Xavier Timothee Danicourt\uff0c1806\u20141860)\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u9053\u5149\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081831\uff099\u670824\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081834\uff096\u670814\u65e5\u62b5\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u4fee\u9662\u6267\u6559\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081842\uff095\u6708\uff0c\u8f6c\u6765\u821f\u5c71\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff097\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081850\uff0912\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c   \u53d7\u201c\u5b89\u5e95\u5f17\u5c14\u201d(Antiphelle)\u4e3b\u6559\u8854\u3002 \u6b21\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u8bf7\u6cb3\u5357\u4ee3\u7267\u5b89\u82e5\u671b(Jean Henry Baldus\uff0c1811\u20141869)\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\u5728\u4efb\u65f6\u4e3a\u6536\u56de\u5b81\u6ce2\u836f\u884c\u8857\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u65e7\u5740\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u91cd\u5efa\u6559\u5802\u7b79\u5212\u8d44\u91d1\u64cd\u52b3\uff0c\u5728\u6c5f\u5317\u5cb8\u8d2d\u8fdb\u5927\u7247\u571f\u5730\u4e3a\u65e5\u540e\u4e24\u5904\u5efa\u5802\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff09\uff0c\u8c03\u5f80\u6c5f\u897f\u3002\u5341\u5e74\uff081860\uff092\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u7530\u5609\u74a7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7530\u5609\u74a7(\u53c8\u540d\u7c7b\u601d\uff0cLouis Gabriel Delaplace\uff0c1820\u20141884)\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081843\uff096\u670811\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081846\uff093\u670813\u65e5\u62b5\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u5230\u6cb3\u5357\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081852\uff092\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6c5f\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u9886\u201c\u5b89\u8fbe\u5229\u8bfa\u6ce2\u5c14\u201d(Andrinople)\u4e3b\u6559\u8854\u3002 \u540c\u5e747\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u5357\u9e7f\u9091\u53bf\u51af\u6865\u7531\u5b89\u82e5\u671b\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff096\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u8c03\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e741870\uff091\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u53c8\u8c03\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u5e74\uff081884\uff095\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u846c\u6b63\u798f\u5bfa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u672c\u6846:\u82cf\u51e4\u6587<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u82cf\u51e4\u6587(Edmond  Francois  Guierry\uff0c1825\u20141870)\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u5143\u5e74\uff081851\uff096\u670814\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u4e09\u5e74\uff081853\uff095\u67087\u65e5\u62b5\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e09\u5e74\uff081864\uff099\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u9009\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u52a9\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u53d7\u201c\u8fbe\u62ff\u5df4\u201d\uff08Danalpa\uff09\u4e3b\u6559\u8854\u3002\u56db\u5e74\uff081865\uff094\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7531\u5b5f\u632f\u751f\u4e3b\u6559(Joseph Martial Mouly\uff0c1807\u20141868)\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\u3002\u4e03\u5e74\uff081868\uff0912\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081870\uff091\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u8c03\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081883\uff098\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u846c\u6c5f\u5317\u5802\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f6d\u5ba2\u8fbe<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5085\u9053\u5b89<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u51af\u4f2f\u5fb7(Protais Montagneux\uff0c1825\u20141877)\uff0c1825\u5e749\u67085\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7f57\u963f\u7684\u5723\u5fb7\u671b(Saint Euonne)\u30021848\u5e7412\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u91cc\u6602\u664b\u94ce\u30021849\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u8fdb\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u4fee\u9662\u30021850\u5e74\uff0c\u5230\u65af\u7c73\u5c14(Smyrne)\u3002\u6b21\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081852\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\u4efb\u6559\u3002\u56db\u5e74\uff081854\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u8862\u5dde\u3001\u9ebb\u84ec\u3001\u8d64\u5c71\u7b49\u5730\u63a2\u8bbf\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u9017\u75598\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081859\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u5b9a\u6d77\u672c\u5802\u517c\u4fee\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u5723\u5802\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u56db\u5e74\uff081865\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u5b81\u6ce2\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6559\u533a\u89c6\u5bdf\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u5230\u5404\u5802\u5de1\u89c6\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b81\u6ce2\u57ce\u5185\u5723\u6bcd\u5347\u5929\u5802\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ecd\u6309\u65e7\u5802\u957f150\u5c3a\u3001\u5bbd65\u5c3a\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u5efa\u3002\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u51fa\u9762\u4ea4\u6d89\u6536\u56de\u7684\u3002\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081874\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u795e\u7236\u5893\u5730\u3002\u4ed6\u5386\u4efb\u987e\u65b9\u6d4e\u3001\u7530\u5609\u74a7\u548c\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u7684\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u8457\u6709\u300a\u5723\u6559\u9274\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u7ecf\u5085\u9053\u5b89\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u904d\u884c\u5168\u56fd\u3002\u56e0\u60a3\u809d\u75c5\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u4ecd\u575a\u6301\u7e41\u91cd\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7ec8\u56e0\u533b\u6cbb\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u901d\u4e16\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff092\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u5e74\u4ec551\u5c81\uff0c\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u4f20\u655925\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u846c\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u8d2d\u7f6e\u7684\u795e\u7236\u5893\u5730\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f90\u5fd7\u4fee<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f90\u5fd7\u4fee(Joseph Marie Rizzi\uff0c1830\u20141890)\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081852\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u5165\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\uff081855\uff0912\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u5148\u5b66\u4e60\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e94\u5e74\uff081866\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u7edf\u7ba1\u676d\u5dde\u3001\u5609\u5174\u3001\u6e56\u5dde\u3001\u7ecd\u5174\u3001\u4e25\u5dde\u3001\u91d1\u534e\u3001\u8862\u5dde7\u5e9c\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081870\uff09\uff0c\u8c03\u4efb\u53f0\u5dde\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u7edf\u7ba1\u53f0\u5dde\u3001\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u5904\u5dde3\u5e9c\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081873\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6805\u6865\u5efa\u9020\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\u5802\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u5858\u80cc\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u8bde\u5802\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5e76\u75281200\u5143\u5ec9\u4ef7\u5728\u6e29\u5dde\u8d2d\u5f97\u670920\u6765\u95f4l\u5e62\u623f\u5b50\u4f5c\u6559\u5802\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8be5\u623f\u95f9\u9b3c\uff0c\u65e0\u4eba\u6562\u4f4f\uff0c\u624d\u5ec9\u4ef7\u51fa\u552e\u7684\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u4e3b\u6559\u8fd4\u6cd5\u53c2\u52a0\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u603b\u4f1a\u957f\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u7531\u5f90\u5fd7\u4fee\u4efb\u7f72\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u6559\u533a\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u56db\u5e74\uff081878\uff09\uff0c\u5f90\u548c\u5218\u5b89\u591a\u3001\u5085\u9053\u5b89\u3001\u767d\u82e5\u7ff0\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u5f90\u540c\u65f6\u517c\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u4f1a\u957f\u52a9\u7406\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081883\uff09\uff0c\u79bb\u804c\u6cbb\u75c5\u3002\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081885\uff09\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u521d\u6b65\u5eb7\u590d\uff0c\u56de\u6805\u6865\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081890\uff09\uff0c\u60a3\u970d\u4e71\u75c5\uff0c\u5728\u6805\u6865\u901d\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5218\u5b89\u591a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5218\u5b89\u591a(Andre Guillot\uff0c1820\u20141887)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u751f\u4e8e1820\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\uff0c1846\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\uff0c1857\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u8fdb\u5165\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u4fee\u9662\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u516b\u5e74\uff081858\uff0912\u670823\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u6765\u6d59\u6c5f\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u5438\u6536\u4e3a\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u4ed6\u5e26\u9886\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u4ec1\u7231\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u540e\u7531\u4ed6\u628a\u5979\u4eec\u4ece\u6fb3\u95e8\u8fc1\u5c45\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u795e\u5e08\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u516d\u5e74\uff081866\uff09\u5230\u7ecd\u5174\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ed6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c45\u4f4f\u7ecd\u5174\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7236\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7ecd\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74\u81f3\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5e74\uff081868\u20141877\uff09\uff0c\u5386\u4efb\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u548c\u5b81\u6ce2\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u56db\u5e74\uff081878\uff09\u4efb\u6559\u533a\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\uff081880\uff09\u518d\u4efb\u8f66\u8f90\u6d5c\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081885\uff09\u8c03\u4efb\u4e0a\u6d77\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u5e10\u623f\uff0c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081887\uff091\u670817\u65e5\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u5e76\u846c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9a6c\u5b97\u826f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9a6c\u5b97\u826f(1832-1894)\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u5e38\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u672c\u7b03\u3002\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081849\uff09\u8fdb\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081859\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u4f1a\u58eb\u795e\u7236\u3002\u5148\u5728\u821f\u5c71\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74\uff081868\uff09\u5230\u4f59\u59da\u5efa\u5802\u540d\u201c\u5341\u5b57\u5802\u201d\uff0c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081872\uff09\u8c03\u9ec4\u5ca9\u6805\u6865\uff0c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081894\uff09\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u63a2\u8bbf\u7956\u7c4d\u798f\u5efa\u8001\u6559\u53cb\u53ca\u90ca\u533a10\u4f59\u540d\u6155\u9053\u53cb\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u5357\u82b1\u67f3\u5858\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u5230\u6e29\u65bd\u6d1726\u4eba\uff0c\u7ee7\u8d74\u5904\u5dde\u63a224\u540d\u65b0\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u5185\u8ba1\u9752\u753019\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3d\u6c344\u4eba\uff0c\u4e91\u548c1\u4eba\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u516b\u5e74\uff081882\uff09\u8c03\u5b9a\u6d77\uff0c3\u5e74\u540e\u8c03\u5b81\u6ce2\u6c5f\u5317\u5802\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u5b9a\u6d77\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u526f\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081893\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u5e74\u8001\u591a\u75c5\u8c03\u5b81\u6ce2\u4f11\u517b\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u846c\u795e\u7236\u5893\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5085\u8c8c\u7984<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5085\u8c8c\u7984(1839-1911)\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u8302\u7984\uff0c\u5e38\u5c71\u78d4\u5c71\u4eba\u3002\u5e7c\u5e74\u5165\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081876\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u5148\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081885\uff09\u8c03\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u5f00\u529e\u4fdd\u7984\u5c0f\u5b66\u5e76\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081888\uff09\uff0c\u7740\u624b\u6e29\u5dde\u65b0\u5802\u7684\u7b79\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4eb2\u8d74\u9f99\u6cc9\u91c7\u8d2d\u6728\u6750\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7\u5360\u5730698.25\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3001\u5bbd17.5\u7c73\u3001\u54e5\u7279\u5f0f\u7684\u4fdd\u7984\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff09\u5efa\u6210\u3002\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\u8c03\u5f80\u821f\u5c71\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081900\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u8862\u5dde\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u7682\u6811\u5df7\u8d2d\u623f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u8be5\u5802\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e747\u6708\u88ab\u201c\u7ea2\u5dfe\u519b\u201d\u711a\u6bc1\u3002\u5085\u4e3a\u6b64\u8eb2\u85cf\u5728\u6559\u53cb\u5bb622\u5929\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u5e9c\u5c71\u4e1c\u4fa7\u5927\u7247\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u53e6\u5efa\u65b0\u5802\uff0c\u5085\u8d1f\u8d23\u7763\u9020\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u5728\u7b79\u5efa\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u5e74\u8001\u591a\u75c5\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7cbe\u901a\u4e2d\u533b\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u7fa4\u4f17\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u798f\u4f20\u7684\u76f4\u901a\u5feb\u8f66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8463\u589e\u5fb7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u672c\u6846:\u8463\u589e\u5fb7\uff08Dominigue Vincent Procacci\uff0c1850\u20141922\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u30021871\u5e7411\u670820\u65e5\u8fdb\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u4fee\u9662\uff0c1877\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081878\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6e29\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u53ea\u670940\u540d\u6559\u53cb\u3002\u4e03\u5e74\uff081881\uff0912\u6708\uff0c\u4ece\u53f0\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u533a\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u6210\u7acb\u6b63\u5f0f\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u5904\u5dde2\u5904\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u8463\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081883\uff09\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u533a\u6709\u6559\u53cb630\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\u5230900\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u6c38\u5609\u3001\u4e50\u6e05\u3001\u745e\u5b89\u3001\u5e73\u9633\u3001\u4e3d\u6c34\u548c\u9752\u7530\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\uff0c10\u67084\u65e5\u665a\u4e0a\u6e29\u5dde\u6559\u5802\u88ab\u711a\u6bc1\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u6240\u4e34\u65f6\u5c0f\u5802\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u5c0680\u540d\u5b64\u513f\u5bc4\u5c45\u5404\u6559\u53cb\u5bb6\u4e2d\u3002\u8463\u88ab\u5b98\u6cd5\u6551\u51fa\uff0c\u5bc4\u4f4f\u82f1\u9a7b\u74ef\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u5929\u4e58\u82f1\u8230\u201c\u5065\u98de\u201d\u53f7\u8d74\u752c\u4f11\u517b\u3002\u6b21\u5e745\u6708\u56de\u6e29\u3002\u90a3\u5e749\u67088\u65e5\u5085\u8c8c\u7984\u795e\u7236\u4ece\u5609\u5174\u5e261\u540d\u674e\u59d3\u6728\u5320\uff0c1\u540d\u5434\u59d3\u6ce5\u6c34\u5320\u5de5\uff0c\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u51c6\u5907\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5148\u4e70\u597d50\u591a\u4e07\u5757\u7816\uff0c\u5230\u798f\u5efa\u91c7\u8d2d\u6728\u6599\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081888\uff09\u5f00\u5de5\uff0c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081890\uff09\u5efa\u6210\u5bbd\u4e09\u95f4\u3001\u957f\u4e5d\u95f4\u7684\u4fdd\u7984\u5927\u5802\u3002\u949f\u697c\u662f\u540e\u6765\u52a0\u5efa\u7684\uff0c10\u6708\u771f\u798f\u8463\u6587\u5b66\uff08Gabriel Perboyre\uff0c1802-1839\uff09\u77bb\u793c\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u843d\u6210\u5178\u793c\u3002\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081892\uff091\u67084\u65e5\u8463\u79bb\u6e29\u8c03\u4efb\u821f\u5c71\u672c\u5802\u65f6\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u533a\u6559\u53cb\u5df2\u589e\u52a0\u52301091\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u821f\u5c71\u671f\u95f4\u6559\u53cb\u4ea6\u589e\u52a0\u8f83\u5feb\uff0c\u5b9a\u6d77\u3001\u6c88\u5bb6\u95e8\u4e24\u5730\u5c31\u6709\u6559\u53cb2858\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081922\uff0912\u670831\u65e5\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5b9a\u6d77\uff0c\u846c\u96f7\u9f13\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   \u8d75\u4fdd\u7984(Paul Marie Reynaud\uff0c1854\u20141926)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081879\uff099\u6708\u62b5\u534e\uff0c\u5148\u5b66\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u516b\u5e74\uff081882\uff09\u4efb\u5c0f\u4fee\u9662\u9662\u957f\u517c\u5b9a\u6d77\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\u82cf\u51e4\u6587\u4e3b\u6559\u4e34\u7ec8\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u8d75\u4e3a\u7ee7\u4efb\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82cf\u901d\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u5341\u5e74\uff081884\uff093\u67087\u65e5\u9009\u4efb\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\uff0c\u53d7\u5bcc\u82cf\u62c9\uff08Fusula)\u4e3b\u6559\u8854\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u6c5f\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u767d\u632f\u94ce(Bray\uff0c1825\u4e001905)\u6765\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u540c\u5e746\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5723\u6bcd\u5347\u5929\u5802\u4e3b\u793c\u795d\u5723\u3002\u4efb\u4ee3\u7267\u8fbe41\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u662f\u6d59\u6c5f\u4ee3\u7267\u4e2d\u4efb\u671f\u6700\u957f\uff0c\u6269\u5c55\u6559\u52a1\uff0c\u521b\u529e\u6559\u4f1a\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u5747\u9996\u5c48\u4e00\u6307\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u60bc\u8bcd\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u6240\u521b\u5efa\u5404\u5730\u6559\u5802\u3001\u4fee\u9662\u3001\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u7b49\u6559\u4f1a\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u84b4\u679c\u7d2f\u7d2f\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0a\u4efb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u53ea\u67096000\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u523050000\u4eba\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u53ea\u67096\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5355\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5c31\u670937\u4eba\uff0c\u7ecf\u4ed6\u795d\u5723\u7684\u795e\u7236\u8fbe59\u4eba\uff0c\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u5df2\u670970\u4eba\u3002\u201d\u6240\u529e\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u79f0\u7684\u6709\u4e09\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u5b81\u6ce2\u8349\u9a6c\u8def\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5efa\u7b51\u7fa4\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u5148\u540e\u5728\u7ecd\u5174\u3001\u4e0a\u865e\u3001\u8862\u5dde\u521b\u529e\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4eba\u624d\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\u7ecd\u5174\u906d\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u6b49\u6536\uff0c\u6350\u6b3e12\u4e07\u6cd5\u90ce\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\uff081917\uff09\u5317\u65b9\u6c34\u707e\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u8fde\u7eed\u906d\u53d7\u53f0\u98ce\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u5747\u6350\u51fa\u5927\u6279\u6551\u6d4e\u6b3e\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u79f0\u8a89\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u6559\u5b97\u5fa1\u5ea7\u5927\u81e3\u8854\u3001\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u53cc\u9f99\u5b9d\u5e26\u3001\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5609\u79be\u7ae0\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u201c\u9053\u53f0\u4e00\u9897\u5370\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4ed6\u6743\u52bf\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u64cd\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fdd\u6559\u6743\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u8d75\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff1b\u540c\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u9057\u4f53\u8fd0\u56de\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u846c\u6c5f\u5317\u5802\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u7530\u6cd5\u670d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u7530\u6cd5\u670d(Paul Allert Faveau\uff0c1859\u20141949)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081886\uff099\u670819\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u6b21\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081910\uff095\u670810\u65e5\u9009\u4efb\u6d59\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\uff081924\u5e74\u6539\u79f0\u676d\u5dde\u4ee3\u7267\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5e7410\u67082\u65e5\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u7531\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e3b\u793c\u53d7\u4e3b\u6559\u795d\u5723\u793c\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\uff0c\u9000\u5c45\u5609\u5174\u30021949\u5e74\uff0c\u901d\u4e8e\u5609\u5174\uff0c\u846c\u5609\u5174\u82e6\u96be\u5802\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u674e\u601d\u806a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u674e\u601d\u806a(Jean Baptist Liepers ,1864-1930)\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba,\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u91cc\u6602\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u4f4d\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5144\u5f1f5\u4eba\uff0c\u6392\u884c\u7b2c\u56db\u3002\u81ea\u5c0f\u597d\u5b66\uff0c\u624d\u8bc6\u8d85\u51e1\u30021886\u5e74\uff0c\u5165\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u4fee\u9662\u30021890\u5e7412\u670820\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff094\u6708\u62b5\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5206\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u7684\u5bb6\u4ea7\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u4e07\u5143\u3002\u5148\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u5b66\u4e60\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u79cb\u5230\u6805\u6865\u5efa\u9020\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081894\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u95e8\u8d2d\u8fdb\u5927\u7247\u8352\u5730\uff0c\u5efa\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\u3001\u795e\u7236\u4f4f\u623f\u3001\u7279\u5177\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u516d\u89d2\u4ead\u7b49\u623f\u5c4b\u767e\u4f59\u95f4\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u5802\u5360\u573020\u4f59\u4ea9\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u4e34\u6d77\u57ce\u5185\u53ca\u9ec4\u5ca9\u8d2d\u623f\u8bbe\u5802\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u5728\u6e29\u5cad\u3001\u7389\u73af\u3001\u6e05\u6c5f\u8305\u6797\u3001\u65b0\u6cb3\u3001\u6cfd\u56fd\u3001\u677e\u95e8\u7b49\u5730\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081897\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u5b81\u6ce2\u6d3e\u6765\u9996\u62796\u4f4d\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u3002\u674e\u5728\u6d77\u95e8\u53c8\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u9662\uff0c\u8bbe\u5929\u795e\u4f1a\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u8bca\u6240\u3002\u540e\u529e\u4e86\u7ee3\u82b1\u5382\u3001\u7ec7\u889c\u5382\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u7b51\u5824\u575d\u3001\u5efa\u7801\u5934\uff08\u540e\u5f15\u6765\u201c\u53ef\u8d35\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c38\u5229\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c38\u5b81\u201d\u7b49\u8f6e\u8239\u901a\u822a\uff09\uff0c\u9020\u8857\u9762\u623f\u5f62\u6210\u4e1c\u897f\u4e24\u6761\u8857\uff0c\u529e\u7535\u706f\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e00\u6539\u6d77\u95e8\u65e7\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u4ece\u800c\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e00\u81f4\u597d\u8bc4\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u6b64\u6388\u4e88\u4e8c\u7ea7\u5609\u79be\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74\uff081919\uff09\uff0c\u8c03\u5f80\u821f\u5c71\u5b9a\u6d77\u672c\u5802\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u7075\u67e9\u79fb\u846c\u6d77\u95e8\u5723\u5fc3\u5802\uff0c \u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u65f6\u88ab\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5218\u6000\u5fb7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5218\u6000\u5fb7(Pierre Claudius Louat\uff0c1865-1912)\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081888\uff0910\u67086\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u653b\u8bfb\u795e\u5b66\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081891\uff096\u670821\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\uff0c\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u6b21\u5e743\u6708\u95f4\uff0c\u7528120\u5143\u5728\u5e73\u9633\u8d2d\u5f971\u5ea7\u623f\u5b50\u5b89\u7f6e\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u767d\u5fd7\u658c(\u767d\u52a0\u7984\u795e\u7236\u7684\u7236\u4eb2)\uff0c\u4e3b\u6301\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4f20\u9053\u5458\u4e3a\u5e73\u9633\u6559\u4f1a\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u53ef\u559c\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u90a3\u5e74\uff0c\u8463\u589e\u5fb7\u8c03\u79bb\u6e29\u5dde\uff0c\u5218\u7ee7\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081896\uff09\uff0c\u5218\u5728\u6e29\u5dde\u57ce\u5185\u9020\u623f11\u95f4\uff0c\u4f5c\u5b64\u513f\u9662\u548c\u6155\u9053\u9662\uff0c\u90a3\u5e74\u57ce\u5185\u5df2\u6709\u6559\u53cb272\u4eba\uff0c\u5e73\u963378\u4eba\uff0c\u4e50\u6e05216\u4eba\uff0c\u5904\u5dde96\u4eba\u3002\u6b21\u5e7412\u67086\u540d\uff0c\u62ef\u7075\u4f1a\u4fee\u5973\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\uff0c\u4f9d\u6426\u65af\u4fee\u5973\u4efb\u4f1a\u957f\uff0c\u5148\u5bc4\u4f4f\u5973\u6821\u5185\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4fee\u5973\u9662\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u3001\u4f1a\u5ba2\u5ba4\u3001\u5c0f\u5802\u3001\u9910\u5385\u548c\u5bdd\u5ba4\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081899\uff09\uff0c\u5218\u5728\u4e3d\u6c34\u57ce\u5185\u8d2d\u7f6e3\u5e62\u5bbd\u5927\u65e7\u623f\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u4e3b\u4fdd\u5723\u591a\u9ed8\uff0c\u540e\u53c8\u8d2d\u8fdb\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\u53ca\u53e61\u5e62\u623f\u5b50\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u6e29\u5dde\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u70e7\u6bc1\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5218\u4e58\u82f1\u5927\u4f7f\u7684\u8239\u907f\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\uff0c\u51af\u70c8\u9e3f\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff081904\uff09\uff0c\u5218\u4efb\u676d\u5dde\u672c\u5802\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081907\uff09\uff0c\u5218\u53c8\u4e3a\u4e3d\u6c34\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u5802\u7b79\u63aa\u8d44\u91d1(\u4e3d\u6c34\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u5fc3\u5927\u5802\uff0c\u7531\u6c88\u82e5\u7ff0\u795e\u7236\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u9020\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u516b\u5e74[1919]11\u6708\u843d\u6210)\u3002\u5218\u8c03\u4efb\u7ecd\u5174\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u7ecd\u5174\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u7ecd\u5174\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u5df2\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\uff1a\u7537\u6821\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u73ed\u7ea7\uff1b528\u540d\u5b66\u751f\uff0c12\u4f4d\u8001\u5e08\uff1b\u7537 \u751f624\u4eba\uff0c\u5973\u751f210\u4eba\u3002\u5973\u5802\u53e6\u6709\u5a74\u513f47\u540d\uff0c\u6155\u9053\u9662\u5987\u5973367\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f90\u8f85\u8d24<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f90\u8f85\u8d24(\u53c8\u540d\u4ec1\u5fb7\uff0c1872-1935)\uff0c\u53f0\u5dde\u6805\u6865\u4eba\u3002\u751f\u4e8e\u6e05\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u5e74\uff081872\uff091\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081875\uff09\u9a6c\u5b97\u826f\u795e\u7236\u65bd\u6d17\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u739b\u5f1f\u4e9a\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u5e74\uff081884\uff09\u5165\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u795e\u54f2\u5b66\u8001\u5e08\u662f\u90ce\u5b88\u4fe1(Ferrant)\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5347\u4efb\u6c5f\u897f\u4ee3\u7267\u3002\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081892\uff09\u8fdb\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081895\uff096\u670829\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u6b21\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5230\u6b7b\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u4ed6\u52e4\u4fed\u597d\u5b66\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u9605\u8bfb\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5f88\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u603b\u5802\u53e3\u7684\u6559\u53cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u529e\u4e8b\u8ba4\u771f\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u806a\u660e\u5584\u65ad\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u5341\u5206\u4fed\u6734\u6e05\u8d2b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7a77\u56f0\u4eba\u5374\u5341\u5206\u6177\u6168\uff0c\u503e\u56ca\u76f8\u52a9\u3002\u5916\u51fa\u4f20\u6559\u5f80\u5f80\u8d64\u811a\u6b65\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u51c9\u4ead\u4e2d\u5bc4\u5bbf\u3002\u8bb2\u9053\u5a13\u5a13\u52a8\u542c\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u52b3\u5026\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u665a\u5e74\u58f0\u97f3\u5636\u54d1\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5927\u58f0\u8bb2\u9053\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081900\uff09\u5218\u6000\u5fb7\u79bb\u6e29\u5dde\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u672c\u5802\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081913\uff09\u4e0d\u614e\u8dcc\u5012\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u8ddb\u5b50\u3002\u5341\u5e74\uff081921\uff099\u6708\uff0c\u83b7\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6559\u5b97\u201d\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u7ae0\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4e3a\u201c\u5b97\u5ea7\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u62d4\u7ed9\u4e00\u7b14\u4fdd\u517b\u91d1\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081935\uff092\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u6e29\u5dde\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5341\u5206\u7231\u6234\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u846c\u793c\u548c\u9001\u846c\u7684\u8fbe1000\u4eba\u3002\u539f\u846c\u62a4\u56fd\u5bfa\u540e\u201c\u5723\u5c71\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u8fc1\u81f3\u74ef\u6c5f\u5c99\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65b9\u5fd7\u624d<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65b9\u5fd7\u624d\uff0c\u539f\u540d\u6cf0\u5982\uff0c\u5723\u540d\u8fbe\u9661\uff0c\u6e29\u5cad\u4eba\uff0c\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u3002\u751f\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u5143\u5e74\uff081875\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5e74\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff081914\u20141931\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u4f59\u59da\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u6559\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u628a\u6d52\u5c71\u5802\u4ece\u5357\u95e8\u8fc1\u5efa\u4e1c\u5317\u57ce\u89d2\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u900d\u6797\u3001\u65b0\u6d66\u3001\u5927\u9053\u5730\u3001\u4e0b\u4e8c\u7076\u3001\u574e\u58a9\u3001\u9ad8\u738b\u3001\u4f0d\u5bb6\u677f\u6865\u3001\u754c\u5830\u8def\u3001\u80dc\u4e1c\u7b49\u5730\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u5723\u5802\u5e76\u5728\u8170\u5858\u7b51\u597d\u6559\u5802\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6559\u52a1\u5174\u65fa\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6148\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f00\u521b\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5148\u5728\u65b0\u6d66\u6559\u53cb\u53f6\u752b\u4ec1\u5bb6\u7684\u5802\u524d\u8bbe\u4e00\u7948\u7977\u6240\u4f20\u9053\uff0c\u540e\u6311\u7740\u8d27\u90ce\u62c5\u5230\u8170\u5739\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u529d\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u5f53\u5730\u9887\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u738b\u5cb3\u660c\u8fdb\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4ed6\u5bb6\u8bbe\u7acb\u7948\u7977\u6240\uff0c\u65b0\u6d66\u3001\u8170\u5858\u4e24\u5730\u5df2\u6210\u5f53\u65f6\u6148\u6eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5802\u53e3\u3002\u4ed6\u70ed\u5fc3\u6276\u8d2b\u6551\u56f0\uff0c\u9965\u8005\u98df\u4e4b\uff0c\u75c5\u8005\u533b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e3a\u8170\u5858\u76d0\u6c11\u544a\u72b6\u4f38\u51a4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5165\u6559\u8005\u65e5\u589e\u3002\u5bf9\u6559\u5185\u4ed7\u52bf\u6b3a\u4eba\u8005\u4ed6\u4e5f\u957f\u671f\u79c9\u516c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u597d\u8bc4\u3002\u4ed6\u6566\u529b\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e00\u6279\u7d20\u8d28\u597d\u7684\u4f20\u9053\u5458\uff0c\u6269\u5efa\u4e86\u4e09\u5fb7\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u53cb\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u30021956\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51af\u70c8\u9e3f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51af\u70c8\u9e3f\uff08Cyrrien Aroud\uff09\uff0c1876\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cc\u6602\u3002\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b98\u4eba\uff0c\u51af\u6392\u884c\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u56db\u5144\u5f1f\u5148\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba1893\u5e74\u8fdb\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081899\uff09\u664b\u94ce\uff0c9\u6708\u6765\u534e\u5230\u6e29\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u4efb\u526f\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\u4efb\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u603b\u672c\u5802\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u54e5\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\u795e\u7236\u7ec4\u5efa\u6e29\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u826f\u53cb\u4f1a\u548c\u4efb\u6e29\u5dde\u8463\u82e5\u671b\u533b\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7c7b\u65af\u4fee\u5973\u7b49\u8d44\u52a9\u53ca\u5f90\u8f85\u8d24\u3001\u5b59\u8300\u4e4b\u4e24\u795e\u7236\u5927\u529b\u76f8\u52a9\uff0c\u6559\u52a1\u84b8\u84b8\u65e5\u4e0a\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081913\uff09\u5f00\u529e\u8463\u82e5\u671b\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff081924\uff09\u5e73\u9633\u5584\u5bfc\u5802\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081926\uff09\u5f00\u529e\u589e\u7235\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5e73\u9633\u4e00\u6cc9\u5c0f\u5b66\u7b49\uff0c\u5efa\u7948\u7977\u6240100\u4f59\u6240\u3002\u672c\u5802\u533a\u75311\u4e2a\u589e\u81f34\u4e2a\uff08\u6e29\u5dde\u3001\u5e73\u9633\u3001\u745e\u5b89\u3001\u6c38\u5609\uff09\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\u53c8\u589e\u6c38\u5609\u67ab\u6797\u548c\u4e50\u6e05\u8679\u6865\u4e24\u4e2a\u672c\u5802\u533a\uff1b\u6559\u5f92\u75312181\u4eba\u589e\u81f326068\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u914d\u5408\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u7ec5\u6551\u707e\uff0c\u83b7\u7ec5\u58eb\u8d60\u9001\u7684\u201c\u60e0\u5468\u74ef\u62ec\u201d\u533e\u989d\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u5f6d\u5fb7\u94c3\u4e0e\u90dd\u56fd\u73ba\u4e24\u519b\u9600\u5bf9\u5cd9\u4e2d\uff0c\u51af\u633a\u8eab\u8c03\u89e3\u514d\u9664\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u7978\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u754c\u597d\u8bc4\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u8d24\u8fbe\u4eba\u58eb\u53c8\u8d60\u201c\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\u201d\u533e\u989d\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u773c\u75c5\u79bb\u4efb\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ef4\u5e0c\u8fbe\u9000\u4f11\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u9662\u9662\u957f\u30021949\u5e74\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7473\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51af\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u300a\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5b81\u6ce2\u7b80\u8fc5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u591a\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u5bb6\u5144\u62a5\u9053\u5176\u4f20\u6559\u7ecf\u5386\u4e0e\u6e29\u5dde\u6c11\u60c5\u98ce\u4fd7\uff0c\u6c47\u6210\u6cb9\u5370\u672c10\u4f59\u518c\u30021936\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4f20\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6a0a<\/strong>\u56fd\u67f1<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6a0a\u56fd\u67f1(John Fraser)\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u591a\u4f26\u591a(Toronto)\u4eba\u30021877\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u751f\u4e8e\u519c\u5e84\u4e3b\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u5728\u5bb6\u4e61\u5f25\u989d\u5c14\u516c\u5b66\u653b\u8bfb\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u5230\u610f\u5927\u5229\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u653b\u8bfb\u795e\u5b66\uff0c1901\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u5728\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u65f6\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c4d\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u58eb\u97e9\u65e5\u7984(1871\u20141945)\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u503e\u5410\u4e86\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081902\uff09\u83b7\u8d75\u4fdd\u7984\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u5b81\u6ce2\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6765\u6d59\u6c5f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5165\u4f1a\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5148\u5230\u5b9a\u6d77\u4fee\u9662\u5b66\u4e60\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u7ee7\u5728\u5b81\u6ce2\u57ce\u5185\u4f20\u6559\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u540e\u8c03\u53f0\u5dde\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u6d77\u3001\u4ed9\u5c45\u7b49\u5730\u5efa\u9020\u5723\u5802\u3002\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e09\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\uff0c\u56de\u52a02\u5e74\uff0c\u7b79\u96c6\u4f20\u6559\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081913\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u4e3d\u6c34\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4e0e\u65b9\u90fd\u8c1f\u795e\u7236\u5171\u4e8b\u8fbe\u7ea610\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u6a0a\u6570\u6b21\u8fd4\u52a0\u7b79\u6b3e\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5efa\u9020\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u6c99\u52ff\u7565\u4fee\u9662\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u57f9\u517b\u6765\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff081929\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u65af\u52a0\u6ce2\u7f57\u5916\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u6a0a\u4e3a\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u8499\u5e2d(Monsignor)\u8854\u79f0\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081932\uff09\uff0c\u4e3d\u6c34\u5730\u533a(\u539f\u5904\u5dde\u5e9c\u8303\u56f4)\u7531\u5b81\u6ce2\u4ee3\u7267\u533a\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e3d\u6c34\u76d1\u7267\u533a\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3a\u8be5\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u533a\u57df\u3002\u6a0a\u8c03\u4efb\u91d1\u534e\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u5170\u6eaa\u3001\u6d66\u6c5f\u57ce\u5185\u548c\u6bdb\u5e97\u3001\u6c38\u5eb7\u5c0f\u7a96\u6731\u5723\u5802\uff0c\u8d48\u6d4e\u96be\u6c11\u3002\u65e5\u519b\u5360\u9886\u91d1\u534e\u524d\u8fd4\u52a0\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081946\uff09\u91cd\u5230\u91d1\u534e\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u8d74\u65e5\u672c\u957f\u5d0e\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u957f\u5d0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96f7\u9e23\u8fdc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96f7\u9e23\u8fdc\uff08Pierre Vincent Lebbe ,1877-1940\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u4eba\u30021895\u5e74\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a\u521d\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081901\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\u5e76\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bfb\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u516c\u538610\u670827\u65e5\u664b\u94ce\u3002\u5148\u5728\u4eac\u4e1c\u3001\u4fdd\u5b9a\u4e00\u5e26\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u540e\u8c03\u4efb\u5929\u6d25\u672c\u5802\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6559\u53cb\u7fa4\u4f17\uff0c\u6559\u53cb\u5927\u589e\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5143\u5e74\uff081912\uff09\uff0c\u4efb\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u533a\u526f\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u521b\u7acb\u4e2d\u534e\u516c\u6559\u8fdb\u884c\u4f1a\u3002\u56db\u5e74\uff081915\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u521b\u529e\u300a\u76ca\u4e16\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u65b0\u9896\u516c\u5141\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u5927\u4f17\u9752\u7750\u3002\u6b21\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u8001\u897f\u5f00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f01\u56fe\u628a\u8001\u897f\u5f00\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u5212\u5165\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\u6c11\u6781\u5927\u6124\u6168\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u7f62\u5e02\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u7f62\u8bfe\uff0c\u5e76\u7eb7\u7eb7\u4e3e\u884c\u6297\u8bae\u793a\u5a01\u6e38\u884c\u3002\u96f7\u633a\u8eab\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u6297\u8bae\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u300a\u76ca\u4e16\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\u520a\u6587\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9042\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\u3002\u96f7\u7531\u6b64\u88ab\u8c03\u79bb\u5929\u6d25\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u5230\u6d59\u6c5f\u5609\u5174\u4f1a\u9662\u3002\u5f53\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u51fa\u4efb\u7ecd\u5174\u672c\u5802\u30021920\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u7ecd\u5174\u8fd4\u56de\u6b27\u5dde\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u5728\u534e\u201c\u4fdd\u6559\u6743\u201d\u547c\u5401\u548c\u5954\u6ce2\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u521b\u7acb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u56e2\uff0c\u7b79\u63aa\u52a9\u5b66\u91d1\uff0c\u8054\u7cfb\u5b66\u6821\u4f4f\u5bbf\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081926\uff092\u6708\uff0c\u79bb\u6b27\u8fd4\u534e\u52a0\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u5929\u6d25\u4eba\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff081928\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u5317\u5b89\u56fd\u521b\u5efa\u8000\u6c49\u5c0f\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u521b\u5efa\u5fb7\u5170\u5c0f\u59d0\u59b9\u4f1a\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u96f7\u9000\u51fa\u9063\u4f7f\u4f1a,\u52a0\u5165\u8000\u6c49\u4f1a\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6218\u5730\u62c5\u67b6\u961f\uff0c\u5230\u6297\u6218\u524d\u7ebf\u8fdb\u884c\u6551\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff081940\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u5357\u6797\u53bf\u88ab\u516b\u8def\u519b\u62d8\u7981\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u56db\u5ddd\u6b4c\u5c71\u3002\u5f53\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u82cf\u96ea\u6797<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82cf\u96ea\u6797(\u5973\uff0c1897-1999)\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\uff0c\u7956\u7c4d\u5b89\u5fbd\u592a\u5e73\u53bf\uff0c\u751f\u4e8e\u6d59\u6c5f\u745e\u5b89\u3002\u5341\u5c81\u524d\uff0c\u968f\u5176\u7956\u5c45\u4e8e\u745e\u5b89\u3001\u5170\u6eaa\u3001\u4ec1\u548c(\u4eca\u676d\u5dde)\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u201c\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u201d\u81ea\u5c45\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u5e74\uff081921\uff09\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u5973\u5b50\u9ad8\u7b49\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u6821(\u4eca\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66)\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u8d74\u6cd5\u7559\u5b66\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff081925\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cc\u6602\u7688\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u7ec8\u5176\u4e00\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u6e1d\u3002\u81ea\u5f53\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u8d77\uff0c\u5373\u6301\u7eed\u4efb\u6559\u4e8e\u6caa\u6c5f\u3001\u4e1c\u5434\u3001\u5b89\u5fbd\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u7b49\u5927\u5b66\u30021949\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7ecf\u9999\u6e2f\u518d\u5ea6\u53bb\u6cd5\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u795e\u8bdd\u53f2\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6e2f\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u771f\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u633d\u7559\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5199\u6210\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u53e4\u6559\u300b\u4e13\u8457\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u6559\u5185\u7814\u7a76\u6b64\u4e00\u8bfe\u9898\u4e4b\u59cb\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u81f3\u53f0\uff0c\u4efb\u6559\u53f0\u6e7e\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u5c31\u53f0\u5357\u6210\u529f\u5927\u5b66\u30021973\u5e74\u9000\u4f11\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e8e\u8be5\u6821\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u6bd5\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u300a\u695a\u8f9e\u300b\u4e13\u9898\u3002\u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u4ee5\u300a\u68d8\u5fc3\u300b\u53ca\u300a\u9752\u9e1f\u300b\u4e24\u90e8\u81ea\u4f20\u4f53\u5c0f\u8bf4\u66fe\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u754c\u540d\u566a\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u6614\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u6587\u5b66\u754c\u8bc4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u5927\u6563\u6587\u5973\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u6587\u5b66\u754c\u5219\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5b9d\u201d\u7ea7\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   \u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u56e0\u8001\u75c5\u96be\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e8e1999\u5e744\u670821\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u7ec8\u5e74104\u5c81(\u5b9e\u4e3a102\u5c81)\u3002\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u70ed\u70b9\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u4e5f\u4e8e23\u65e5\u520a\u51fa\u5927\u5b57\u6807\u9898\u300a\u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u5728\u53f0\u8f9e\u4e16\u300b\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u7a3f\uff0c\u5185\u79f0\u201c\u5979\u662f\u4e94\u56db\u65b0\u6587\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e24\u5cb8\u8fc4\u4eca\u6700\u957f\u5bff\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u2026\u2026\u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u4e00\u751f\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e24\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8d70\u8fc7\u7684104\u5e74\u5386\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6267\u6559\u674f\u575b50\u5e74\uff0c\u521b\u4f5c\u751f\u6daf70\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u8457\u4f5c50\u90e8\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5979\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u65c5\u7684\u975e\u51e1\u4e1a\u7ee9\u3002\u201d\u53f0\u6e7e9\u4e2a\u6559\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u53ca\u603b\u4e3b\u6559\u5168\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5979\u7684\u8ffd\u601d\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u653f\u754c\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e3e\u884c\u9686\u91cd\u7684\u68fa\u8986\u201c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u201d\u56fd\u65d7\u7684\u516c\u796d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1995\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e3e\u529e\u767e\u5c81\u534e\u8bde\u53ca\u5b66\u672f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e86\u795d\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53f0\u6e7e\u603b\u6559\u533a\u53ca\u53f0\u5357\u6559\u533a\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e3e\u884c\u795d\u5bff\u5f25\u6492\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u9001\u6559\u5b97\u82e5\u671b\u4fdd\u7984\u4e8c\u4e16\u8d50\u8d60\u7684\u767e\u5c81\u9050\u798f\u72b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u4fe1\u5f92\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u6b8a\u8363\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u65e9\u5e74\u4e0e\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u7279\u6709\u60c5\u7f18\u3002\u9664\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081927\uff09\u5f15\u5bfc\u5176\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u7684\u59b9\u3001\u7525\u5728\u6559\u5802\u9886\u6d17\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081937\uff09\u65e5\u5bc7\u56f0\u6270\u91d1\u534e\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6781\u8270\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u8d44\u52a9\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u8457\u540d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u8c6a\u795e\u7236\u8131\u79bb\u9669\u5883\uff0c\u8f6c\u8f97\u5230\u8fbe\u6297\u6218\u540e\u65b9\u7684\u56db\u5ddd\u5b89\u5fc3\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3002   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

   1998\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u82cf\u96ea\u6797\u5e94\u9080\u7531\u53f0\u56de\u7696\u51fa\u5e2d\u5b89\u5fbd\u5927\u5b6670\u5468\u5e74\u6821\u5e86\u3002\u8fd4\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u7acb\u4e0b\uff1a\u201c\u53f6\u843d\u5f52\u6839\uff0c\u5f52\u4f9d\u6bcd\u5893\u201d\u4e4b\u9057\u8a00\u30021999\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u7531\u53f0\u6e7e\u591a\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u62a4\u9001\u5176\u9aa8\u76d2\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u9ec4\u5c71\u7956\u8314\u5b89\u846c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3e\u884c\u5b66\u672f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u3002\u51fa\u5e2d\u846c\u793c\u53ca\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u5176\u8001\u53cb\u8463\u592a\u548c\u6559\u6388\u4ee5\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e24\u4f1a\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u540d\u4e49\u81f4\u9001\u8c61\u5f81\u5176\u6559\u5f92\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5927\u82b1\u5708\uff0c\u7948\u5176\u6c38\u606f\u4e3b\u6000!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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